The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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with offending behavior. In the rest of this section we examine certain key characteristics of thisrelationship to the gang which may be associated with youths’ offending behavior. We describethe current status of the youth’s membership in the gang, his position in the gang, hisrelationship to school, employment, sources of income, and also his connection with theconventional world in terms of future aspirations and expectations. We find that a substantialnumber of these relationships are correlated with self-reported levels of offending. In this part ofthe analysis, we employ not only frequencies of offenses and arrests, but also the different typesof offenses and arrests self-reported by the program youth.Time Spent with Friends Inside and Outside the Gang. The literature on gangs indicatesthat the youth’s being an active gang member and holding high status or position in the gangboth affect the likelihood of his being involved in criminal activities. Our correlational findingstend to support these indications (see Thornberry et al 2003). The youth who claims to becurrently an active gang member is more likely to self-report high levels of total serious violenceoffenses (r = -0.215, p # 0.01), and fairly high levels of total offenses, total violence offenses,and drug use (p # 0.05) at Time III, but not Time I. The currently-active gang member is likelyto report high levels of property offenses, drug selling, and total arrests at Time III, at 0.05significance level.The youth (regardless of his position in the gang) who declares he is still active in thegang, particularly at Time III, self-reports higher levels of violence offenses (r = -0.269, p #0.01), serious violence offenses (r = -0.269, p # 0.01) and drug use (r = -0.299, p # 0.01) thanthe youth who says he is no longer active in the gang. At Time III, the more gang friends hereports, the more likely he is to be involved in drug dealing (p # 0.05); the higher his rank in the10.21
gang (e.g., core member or leader) the more likely he will report higher levels of total offenses (r= -0.287, p # 0.01) and violence offenses (r = -0.253, p # 0.01). Also at Time III, seriousviolence offenses, property offenses, total arrests, violence arrests, and serious violence arrestsshow correlations with rank in the gang – all at the statistically significant level of 0.05.The amount of time the youth spends with gang friends is positively correlated with totalself-reported offenses and property offenses (p # 0.05) at Time I. The more time youth spendwith gang friends is also highly correlated with an increase in a range of offenses and arrests atTime III. Conversely, the less time youth report spending with gang friends, the lower the levelof self-reported total offenses (r = 0.307, p # 0.001), total violence offenses (r = 0.245, p #0.01), serious violence offenses (r = 0.212, p # 0.05), property offenses (r = 0.334, p # 0.01),drug use (r = 0.458, p # 0.001), drug selling (r = 0.343, p # 0.001), and the lower the level oftotal arrests, violence arrests, and serious violence arrests (p # 0.05). This strong patterngenerally holds across time periods, whether at Time I or at Time III, especially in regard toproperty offenses and total arrests.On the other hand, the more time youth spend at some form of legitimate employment,the lower the level of self-reported total offenses (r = -0.221, p # 0.01), serious violence offenses(r = -0.231, p # 0.01), total violence offenses, drug use and drug selling, at p = 0.05 significancelevels – all at Time III. Further, if youth said they were thinking of leaving the gang, orconsidering leaving in the future, the more likely they were to self-report lower levels of offensesand arrests, both at Time I and Time III. The pattern was highly significant at Time I for totaloffenses (r = 0.381, p # 0.001), violence offenses (r = 0.375, p # 0.001), serious violenceoffenses (r = 0.408, p # 0.001), property offenses (r = 0.390, p # 0.001), drug use (r = 0.390, p #10.22
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
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their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
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indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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Page 278 and 279: Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
Page 280 and 281: members of the two targeted gangs i
Page 282 and 283: individual youth in a group context
Page 284 and 285: Job-Related Services, the primary o
Page 286 and 287: Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
Page 288 and 289: workers. Of interest are the gang s
Page 290 and 291: proportion of younger or older gang
Page 292 and 293: Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
Page 294 and 295: Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
Page 296 and 297: Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
Page 298 and 299: Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
Page 300 and 301: Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
Page 302 and 303: Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
Page 304 and 305: Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
Page 306 and 307: Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
Page 308 and 309: 7) breaking into a car and stealing
Page 310 and 311: Similar sharp declines in frequenci
Page 312 and 313: also in our analysis using official
Page 314 and 315: offense and arrest categories betwe
Page 316 and 317: (-48.3%). The least decline was for
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Page 320 and 321: suppression effect, particularly at
Page 322 and 323: present at Time III. There are no s
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Page 328 and 329: 0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
Page 330 and 331: Finally, we began to test the utili
Page 332 and 333: employment status (1= currently emp
Page 334 and 335: includes six variables: one control
Page 336 and 337: significance are: youth over 19 yea
Page 338 and 339: Our best model for predicting chang
Page 340 and 341: All of these reductions were highly
Page 342 and 343: it in the future; and the higher th
Page 344 and 345: The above models suggest that a var
Page 346 and 347: Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 348 and 349: Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
Page 350 and 351: Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 352 and 353: Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
Page 354 and 355: Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
Page 356 and 357: Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
Page 358 and 359: Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
Page 360 and 361: decreased or remained the same betw
Page 362 and 363: the types and scope of arrests, and
Page 364 and 365: Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
Page 366 and 367: p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
Page 368 and 369: violence at Time I increases its ar
Page 370 and 371: Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
Page 372 and 373: The drug-change model was construct
Page 374 and 375: Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
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were at Time II, at least for relat
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Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
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Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
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Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
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11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
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11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
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Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
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11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
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Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
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when the outcome variable was chang
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delinquency patterns over the progr
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and self-reported-offense variables
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Again, most variables are derived f
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(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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outcome, using police arrest data f
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Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
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Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
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12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
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12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
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Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
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markets, resulting in high levels o
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individual gang youth in our Little
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“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
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type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
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and a greater increase or “specia
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these youth were represented in the
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number of offenses at Time I, but a
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Total Arrests. In the model with th
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The 19-and-over program sample also
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We find similar and proportionate d
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Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
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Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
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13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
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Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
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13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
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Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
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13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
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Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
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of the specific types of services p
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The success rate was relatively hig
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in respect to the outcome or depend
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(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
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violent behavior, was associated wi
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drug arrests, in a model together w
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SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
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than do non-services contacts. The
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per youth, and the perceptions by t
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educing violence arrests, and viole
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assume, because of small size, that
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program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
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patterns, in particular types or co
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Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
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Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
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Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
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Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
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Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
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Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
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Comparable Police Districts and Bea
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and aggravated assaults with a hand
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Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
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It is also important to note that l
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target gangs during the last two ye
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than the average percentage increas
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number of offenders in the District
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involved in drug arrests. Again, a
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accounted for only a small increase
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Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
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Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
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Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
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Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
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Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
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Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
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crime is best sustained during both
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Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
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Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
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SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
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Village the serious gang violence r
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cultural, and health institutions s
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II. While every attempt was made to
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worse had dropped by almost half be
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few respondents in either community
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Pilsen). These declines between tim
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I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
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(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
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territory), there was no longer a s
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increase in Little Village can be a
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Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
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can be associated with the GVRP (pa
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Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
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and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
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educe the presence of gangs in the
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followed by improved schools, incre
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particular, were less afraid in the
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Table 16.1Community Characteristics
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Table 16.3Problems in the Community
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Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
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Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
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Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
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Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
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Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.17What Probation Officers
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he quickly assumed coordination and
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• Communication: Perhaps more imp
Page 648 and 649:
to your proposal.”In a November 1
Page 650 and 651:
foundations, and other sources. The
Page 652 and 653:
knowledge or permission of the Coor
Page 654 and 655:
although we expect to expand many e
Page 656 and 657:
Project staff were notified of prog
Page 658 and 659:
police, probation and youth workers
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ideological terms between 1992 and
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esponsibility of Project operations
Page 664 and 665:
• Program features: The program h
Page 666 and 667:
In a November 1996 monthly report,
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activities with adult probation. Th
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conflict with each other. MLG and t
Page 672 and 673:
program might look like.We have ben
Page 674 and 675:
arrangement was delayed and interru
Page 676 and 677:
CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
Page 678 and 679:
18.18
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Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
Page 682 and 683:
Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
Page 684 and 685:
Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
Page 686:
Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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