The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity), by Person(s) Contacted aPerson(s) ContactedService/ActivityYouthGang-related Service 64(4.9%)Job-related Service 283(21.8%)Education-relatedServiceRecreation-relatedserviceCriminal-JusticerelatedServiceFamily-relatedServiceCommunity-relatedServiceSpiritual-relatedService140(10.8%)3(0.2%)34(2.6%)16(1.2%)4(0.3%)19(1.5%)Surveillance 1(0.1%)Other 15(1.2%)Total 579(41.5%)Gang/Group15(1.2%)2(0.2%)2(0.2%)136(10.5%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)2(0.2%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)157(12.1%)Family/Girlfriend20(1.5%)31(2.4%)25(1.9%)11(0.8%)24(1.8%)7(0.5%)1(0.1%)9(0.7%)47(3.6%)6(0.5%)181(13.9%)Other ProjectYouthWorkers4(0.3%)4(0.3%)1(0.1%)16(1.2%)2(0.2%)0(0.0%)5(0.4%)0(0.0%)4(0.3%)29(2.2%)65(6.0%)ProjectPoliceOfficers43(3.3%)2(0.2%)0(0.0%)7(0.5%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)6(0.5%)1(0.1%)17(1.3%)4(0.3%)80(6.2%)ProjectProbationOfficers10(0.8%)2(0.2%)1(0.1%)14(1.1%)23(1.8%)0(0.0%)3(0.2%)0(0.0%)40(3.1%)11(0.8%)104(8.0%)ProjectNeighborhoodOrganizer2(0.2%)10(0.8%)4(0.3%)10(0.8%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)14(1.1%)1(0.1%)0(0.0%)10(0.8%)51(3.9%)Community/AgencyPersonnel/Residents1(0.1%)9(0.7%)8(0.6%)17(1.3%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)21(1.6%)3(0.2%)0(0.0%)23(1.8%)82(6.3%)Total159(12.2%)343(26.4%)181(13.9%)214(16.5%)83(6.4%)23(1.8%)54(4.2%)35(2.7%)109(8.4%)98(7.8%)1299 b(100.0%)aPercentages are calculated using the total number of services (activities) (N = 1299) provided to identified youth (N = 65) and/or otherpersons related to the program.bThe total number of services (activities)/person(s) contacted (N = 1299) in this Table is different from the total number ofservices/persons contacted (N = 3043) in Table 9.1, which includes 887 persons contacted with unidentified specific services (activities), and 827unidentified services (activities) to unidentified persons contacted, as well as 30 identified services (activities) to unidentified persons contacted.9.31
Table 9.5Gang-Related Issues, by Person(s) Contacted aGang-Related IssuesYouthGang/GroupFamily/GirlfriendPerson(s) ContactedOtherProjectYouthWorkersProjectPoliceOfficersProjectProbationOfficersProjectNeighborhoodOrganizerCommunity-AgencyPersonnel/ResidentsTotalSerious Violence (e.g., ganghomicide and gang shooting)3(1.9%)2(1.3%)0(0.0%)2(1.3%)28(17.6%)2(1.3%)0(0.0%)1(0.6%)38(23.9%)Quitting the Gang 20(12.6%)2(1.3%)8(5.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)30(18.9%)Stopping Gang Feuding 15(9.4%)3(1.9%)1(0.6%)1(0.6%)1(0.6%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)21(13.2%)Drug-related Activities 9(5.7%)1(0.6%)3(1.9%)0(0.0%)2(1.3%)3(1.9%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)18(11.3%)Relations with Project Police 4(2.5%)1(0.6%)7(4.4%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)12(7.5%)Weapons 1(0.6%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)4(2.5%)3(1.9%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)8(5.0%)Robbery 0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)4(2.5%)2(1.3%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)6(3.8%)Gang Youth Not Going Home 5(3.1%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)5(3.1%)Other 7(4.4%)6(3.8%)1(0.6%)1(0.6%)4(2.5%)0(0.0%)0(0.0%)2(1.3%)21(13.2%)Total 64(40.3%)15(9.4%)20(12.6%)4(2.5%)43(27.0%)10(6.3%)0(0.0%)3(1.9%)159(100.0%)aPercents are calculated using the total 159 gang-related issues.9.32
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
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their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
Page 180 and 181:
indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
Page 242 and 243:
prone to attacking the Latin Kings
Page 244 and 245: changed, and to what extent the red
Page 246 and 247: 52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
Page 248 and 249: aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
Page 250 and 251: positive at Time I and Time III, bu
Page 252 and 253: in Little Village, who were gang me
Page 254 and 255: involved and violent youth and assi
Page 256 and 257: inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
Page 258 and 259: we excluded the twelve youth over 2
Page 260 and 261: (30.4%) and the comparison group (1
Page 262 and 263: violence which includes, in additio
Page 264 and 265: Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
Page 266 and 267: easons, failed to provide tracking
Page 268 and 269: Project police officers served or c
Page 270 and 271: in contact with a youth 13 times pe
Page 272 and 273: We describe the proportion of diffe
Page 274 and 275: younger youth) were provided with s
Page 276 and 277: involved in job-related contacts wi
Page 278 and 279: Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
Page 280 and 281: members of the two targeted gangs i
Page 282 and 283: individual youth in a group context
Page 284 and 285: Job-Related Services, the primary o
Page 286 and 287: Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
Page 288 and 289: workers. Of interest are the gang s
Page 290 and 291: proportion of younger or older gang
Page 292 and 293: Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
Page 296 and 297: Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
Page 298 and 299: Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
Page 300 and 301: Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
Page 302 and 303: Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
Page 304 and 305: Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
Page 306 and 307: Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
Page 308 and 309: 7) breaking into a car and stealing
Page 310 and 311: Similar sharp declines in frequenci
Page 312 and 313: also in our analysis using official
Page 314 and 315: offense and arrest categories betwe
Page 316 and 317: (-48.3%). The least decline was for
Page 318 and 319: a crime in the community. All of th
Page 320 and 321: suppression effect, particularly at
Page 322 and 323: present at Time III. There are no s
Page 324 and 325: violence arrests and serious violen
Page 326 and 327: with offending behavior. In the res
Page 328 and 329: 0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
Page 330 and 331: Finally, we began to test the utili
Page 332 and 333: employment status (1= currently emp
Page 334 and 335: includes six variables: one control
Page 336 and 337: significance are: youth over 19 yea
Page 338 and 339: Our best model for predicting chang
Page 340 and 341: All of these reductions were highly
Page 342 and 343: it in the future; and the higher th
Page 344 and 345:
The above models suggest that a var
Page 346 and 347:
Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
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Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
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Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
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decreased or remained the same betw
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the types and scope of arrests, and
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Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
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p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
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violence at Time I increases its ar
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Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
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The drug-change model was construct
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Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
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were at Time II, at least for relat
Page 380 and 381:
Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
Page 382 and 383:
Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 386 and 387:
11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
Page 388 and 389:
Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
Page 390 and 391:
11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
Page 394 and 395:
11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
Page 396 and 397:
Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
Page 398 and 399:
11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
Page 402 and 403:
Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
Page 406 and 407:
when the outcome variable was chang
Page 408 and 409:
delinquency patterns over the progr
Page 410 and 411:
and self-reported-offense variables
Page 412 and 413:
Again, most variables are derived f
Page 414 and 415:
(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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outcome, using police arrest data f
Page 422 and 423:
Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
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Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
Page 428 and 429:
12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
Page 430 and 431:
12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
Page 432 and 433:
Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
Page 434 and 435:
markets, resulting in high levels o
Page 436 and 437:
individual gang youth in our Little
Page 438 and 439:
“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
Page 440 and 441:
type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
Page 442 and 443:
and a greater increase or “specia
Page 444 and 445:
these youth were represented in the
Page 446 and 447:
number of offenses at Time I, but a
Page 448 and 449:
Total Arrests. In the model with th
Page 450 and 451:
The 19-and-over program sample also
Page 452 and 453:
We find similar and proportionate d
Page 454 and 455:
Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
Page 456 and 457:
Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
Page 458 and 459:
13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 460 and 461:
13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 462 and 463:
13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
Page 464 and 465:
Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
Page 466 and 467:
13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 468 and 469:
13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
Page 470 and 471:
Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
Page 472 and 473:
13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
Page 474 and 475:
Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
Page 476 and 477:
of the specific types of services p
Page 478 and 479:
The success rate was relatively hig
Page 480 and 481:
in respect to the outcome or depend
Page 482 and 483:
(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
Page 484 and 485:
violent behavior, was associated wi
Page 486 and 487:
drug arrests, in a model together w
Page 488 and 489:
SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
Page 490 and 491:
than do non-services contacts. The
Page 492 and 493:
per youth, and the perceptions by t
Page 494 and 495:
educing violence arrests, and viole
Page 496 and 497:
assume, because of small size, that
Page 498 and 499:
program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
Page 500 and 501:
patterns, in particular types or co
Page 502 and 503:
Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
Page 522 and 523:
Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
Page 524 and 525:
Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
Page 526 and 527:
Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
Page 528 and 529:
Comparable Police Districts and Bea
Page 530 and 531:
and aggravated assaults with a hand
Page 532 and 533:
Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
Page 534 and 535:
It is also important to note that l
Page 536 and 537:
target gangs during the last two ye
Page 538 and 539:
than the average percentage increas
Page 540 and 541:
number of offenders in the District
Page 542 and 543:
involved in drug arrests. Again, a
Page 544 and 545:
accounted for only a small increase
Page 546 and 547:
Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
Page 548 and 549:
Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
Page 550 and 551:
Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
Page 552 and 553:
Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 554 and 555:
Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 556 and 557:
Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
Page 558 and 559:
Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
Page 560 and 561:
Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
Page 562 and 563:
Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
Page 564 and 565:
Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
Page 566 and 567:
Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
Page 568 and 569:
Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
Page 570 and 571:
Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
Page 572 and 573:
Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
Page 574 and 575:
years of its existence than in the
Page 576 and 577:
crime is best sustained during both
Page 578 and 579:
Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
Page 580 and 581:
Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
Page 582 and 583:
Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
Page 586 and 587:
the gang problem (i.e., number of s
Page 588 and 589:
Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
Page 590 and 591:
SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
Page 592 and 593:
Village the serious gang violence r
Page 594 and 595:
cultural, and health institutions s
Page 596 and 597:
II. While every attempt was made to
Page 598 and 599:
worse had dropped by almost half be
Page 600 and 601:
few respondents in either community
Page 602 and 603:
Pilsen). These declines between tim
Page 604 and 605:
I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
Page 606 and 607:
(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
Page 608 and 609:
territory), there was no longer a s
Page 610 and 611:
increase in Little Village can be a
Page 612 and 613:
Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
Page 614 and 615:
can be associated with the GVRP (pa
Page 616 and 617:
Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
Page 618 and 619:
and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
Page 620 and 621:
educe the presence of gangs in the
Page 622 and 623:
followed by improved schools, incre
Page 624 and 625:
particular, were less afraid in the
Page 626 and 627:
Table 16.1Community Characteristics
Page 628 and 629:
Table 16.3Problems in the Community
Page 630 and 631:
Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
Page 632 and 633:
Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
Page 634 and 635:
Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 636 and 637:
Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
Page 638 and 639:
Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
Page 640 and 641:
Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 642 and 643:
Table 16.17What Probation Officers
Page 644 and 645:
he quickly assumed coordination and
Page 646 and 647:
• Communication: Perhaps more imp
Page 648 and 649:
to your proposal.”In a November 1
Page 650 and 651:
foundations, and other sources. The
Page 652 and 653:
knowledge or permission of the Coor
Page 654 and 655:
although we expect to expand many e
Page 656 and 657:
Project staff were notified of prog
Page 658 and 659:
police, probation and youth workers
Page 660 and 661:
ideological terms between 1992 and
Page 662 and 663:
esponsibility of Project operations
Page 664 and 665:
• Program features: The program h
Page 666 and 667:
In a November 1996 monthly report,
Page 668 and 669:
activities with adult probation. Th
Page 670 and 671:
conflict with each other. MLG and t
Page 672 and 673:
program might look like.We have ben
Page 674 and 675:
arrangement was delayed and interru
Page 676 and 677:
CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
Page 678 and 679:
18.18
Page 680 and 681:
Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
Page 682 and 683:
Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
Page 684 and 685:
Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
Page 686:
Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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