The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Table 14.9Summary of Logistic RegressionProject Effect (Success vs Failure) on Drug ArrestsYouth With and Without “Effective” Opportunity Services14.9(a) Frequency Distributions of Project Effect (Drug Arrests)Opportunity ServicesProjectSuccessProjectFailureTotalEffective a 3 14 17Otherwise b 11 36 47Total 14 50 6414.9(b) Logistic Regression Summary (Model P 2 for covariates=1.498 with 4 df)VariabledfParameterEstimateStd.ErrorPr >P 2OddsRatio cIntercept 1 -1.518 1.282 0.237 —Age at Program Entry(0=19 & Over; 1=17 to 18; 2=16 & Under)1 -0.397 0.378 0.294 0.673Gang (0=Latin King; 1=Two Six) 1 0.256 0.642 0.690 1.292Arrestee Typology(0=Drug/No-Violence; 1=Violence/No-Drug)Opportunity Services(0=Otherwise; 1=Effective)1 0.325 0.882 0.713 1.3841 -0.308 0.764 0.687 0.735For differences between groups: * p < .05; ** p < .01; and *** p < .001 .abEffective corresponds to “Very Much” success as perceived by youth worker.Otherwise corresponds to “Some”, “Little”, and “Not At All” success as perceived by youthworker, as well as “No Service/Contact.”cThis ratio indicates the success-to-failure odds. The failure-to-success odds is the reciprocal ofthe odds of success to failure.14.37
Table 14.10Summary of Logistic RegressionProject Effect (Success vs Failure) on Violence ArrestsYouth With and Without “Effective” Counseling Services14.10(a) Frequency Distributions of Project Effect (Violence Arrests)Counseling ServicesProjectSuccessProjectFailureTotalEffective a 21 23 44Otherwise b 19 55 74Total 40 78 11814.10(b) Logistic Regression Summary (Model P 2 for covariates=28.883 *** with 4 df)VariabledfParameterEstimateStd.ErrorPr >P 2OddsRatio cIntercept 1 0.395 0.847 0.641 —Age at Program Entry(0=19 & Over; 1=17 to 18; 2=16 & Under)1 -1.260 0.299 0.000*** 0.284Gang (0=Latin King; 1=Two Six) 1 -0.209 0.471 0.657 0.811Arrestee Typology(0=Violence/No-Drug; 1=Violence and Drug)Counseling Services(0=Otherwise; 1=Effective)1 0.222 0.455 0.625 1.2491 0.959 0.471 0.042* 2.608For differences between groups: * p < .05; ** p < .01; and *** p < .001 .abEffective corresponds to “Very Much” success as perceived by youth worker.Otherwise corresponds to “Some”, “Little”, and “Not At All” success as perceived by youthworker, as well as “No Service/Contact.”cThis ratio indicates the success-to-failure odds. The failure-to-success odds is the reciprocal ofthe odds of success to failure.14.38
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
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their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
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indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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involved in job-related contacts wi
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Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
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individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
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Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
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workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
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Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
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Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
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Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
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Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
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Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
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Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
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Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
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7) breaking into a car and stealing
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Similar sharp declines in frequenci
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also in our analysis using official
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offense and arrest categories betwe
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(-48.3%). The least decline was for
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a crime in the community. All of th
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suppression effect, particularly at
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present at Time III. There are no s
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violence arrests and serious violen
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with offending behavior. In the res
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0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
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Finally, we began to test the utili
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employment status (1= currently emp
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includes six variables: one control
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significance are: youth over 19 yea
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Our best model for predicting chang
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All of these reductions were highly
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it in the future; and the higher th
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The above models suggest that a var
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Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
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Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
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Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
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decreased or remained the same betw
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the types and scope of arrests, and
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Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
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p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
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violence at Time I increases its ar
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Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
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The drug-change model was construct
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Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
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were at Time II, at least for relat
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Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
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Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
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Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
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11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
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11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
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Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
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11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
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Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
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when the outcome variable was chang
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delinquency patterns over the progr
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and self-reported-offense variables
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Again, most variables are derived f
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(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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outcome, using police arrest data f
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Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
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Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
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12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
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12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
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Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
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markets, resulting in high levels o
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individual gang youth in our Little
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“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
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type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
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and a greater increase or “specia
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these youth were represented in the
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number of offenses at Time I, but a
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Total Arrests. In the model with th
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The 19-and-over program sample also
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We find similar and proportionate d
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Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
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Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
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13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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Page 462 and 463: 13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
Page 464 and 465: Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
Page 466 and 467: 13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 468 and 469: 13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
Page 470 and 471: Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
Page 472 and 473: 13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
Page 474 and 475: Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
Page 476 and 477: of the specific types of services p
Page 478 and 479: The success rate was relatively hig
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Page 488 and 489: SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
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Page 498 and 499: program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
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Page 502 and 503: Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
Page 512 and 513: Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
Page 520 and 521: Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
Page 522 and 523: Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
Page 524 and 525: Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
Page 526 and 527: Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
Page 528 and 529: Comparable Police Districts and Bea
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Page 532 and 533: Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
Page 534 and 535: It is also important to note that l
Page 536 and 537: target gangs during the last two ye
Page 538 and 539: than the average percentage increas
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Page 542 and 543: involved in drug arrests. Again, a
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Page 546 and 547: Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
Page 548 and 549: Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
Page 550 and 551: Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
Page 552 and 553: Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 554 and 555: Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 556 and 557: Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
Page 558 and 559: Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
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Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
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crime is best sustained during both
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Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
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Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
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SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
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Village the serious gang violence r
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cultural, and health institutions s
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II. While every attempt was made to
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worse had dropped by almost half be
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few respondents in either community
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Pilsen). These declines between tim
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I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
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(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
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territory), there was no longer a s
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increase in Little Village can be a
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Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
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can be associated with the GVRP (pa
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Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
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and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
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educe the presence of gangs in the
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followed by improved schools, incre
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particular, were less afraid in the
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Table 16.1Community Characteristics
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Table 16.3Problems in the Community
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Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
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Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
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Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
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Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
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Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.17What Probation Officers
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he quickly assumed coordination and
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• Communication: Perhaps more imp
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to your proposal.”In a November 1
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foundations, and other sources. The
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knowledge or permission of the Coor
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although we expect to expand many e
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Project staff were notified of prog
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police, probation and youth workers
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ideological terms between 1992 and
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esponsibility of Project operations
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• Program features: The program h
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In a November 1996 monthly report,
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activities with adult probation. Th
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conflict with each other. MLG and t
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program might look like.We have ben
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arrangement was delayed and interru
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CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
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18.18
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Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
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Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
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Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
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Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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