The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-Reported a Offenses and Arrests for the Four Violent Offender Types,Comparing Time I and Time IIIOffenses/Arrests bViolence TypesTime I Time III DifferenceT cMean N Mean N Mean NTotal Offenses Most 145.29 31 7.80 30 - 30 -10.81***Above Average 41.59 34 14.63 32 -27.25 32 -5.64***Below Average 15.55 33 8.66 32 -5.22 32 -1.60Least 8.93 29 5.85 27 -1.52 27 -0.27Total Violence Offenses Most 92.16 31 5.63 30 -83.40 30 -9.23***Above Average 19.53 34 10.31 32 -8.81 32 -3.17**Below Average 3.85 33 5.28 32 1.59 32 1.04Least 0.00 29 4.70 27 4.70 27 1.58Serious ViolenceMost 60.39 31 3.07 30 -54.87 30 -7.28***OffensesAbove Average 12.29 34 5.19 32 -6.91 32 -4.21***Below Average 1.91 33 2.50 32 0.69 32 0.74Least 0.00 29 3.41 27 3.41 27 1.46Property Offenses Most 53.13 31 2.17 30 -52.27 30 -5.25***Above Average 22.06 34 4.31 32 -18.44 32 -4.86***Below Average 11.70 33 3.38 32 -6.81 32 -2.48*Least 8.93 29 1.15 27 -6.22 27 -1.40Drug-Selling Offenses Most 7.48 31 1.97 29 -4.48 30 -3.04**Above Average 3.53 34 3.62 33 -0.02 33 -0.01Below Average 3.03 33 3.69 32 0.56 32 0.34Least 2.36 28 1.64 27 -0.84 26 -0.76Total Arrests Most 6.74 31 0.13 30 -6.37 30 -2.74*Above Average 0.68 34 0.56 32 -0.06 32 -0.34Below Average 0.46 33 0.34 32 -0.13 32 -0.61Least 0.24 29 0.15 27 -0.04 27 -0.30Total Violence Arrests Most 3.90 31 0.13 30 -3.50 30 -2.30*Above Average 0.18 34 0.47 32 0.31 32 1.54Below Average 0.03 33 0.22 32 0.19 32 1.29Least 0.03 29 0.00 27 -0.04 27 -1.00Serious Violence Arrests Most 2.23 31 0.10 30 -2.13 30 -1.79Above Average 0.12 34 0.22 32 0.09 32 1.36Below Average 0.03 33 0.19 32 0.16 32 1.09Least 0.03 29 0.00 27 -0.04 27 -1.00Property Arrests Most 2.84 31 0.00 30 -2.87 30 -2.36*Above Average 0.50 34 0.09 32 -0.38 32 -1.93Below Average 0.42 33 0.13 32 -0.31 32 -1.97Least 0.21 29 0.15 27 0.00 27 0.00a Source: Individual Gang-Member Survey.b Same offenses and arrests as in Table 10.1.c For differences between time periods: * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.10.45
Table 10.7Program Youth (N = 121) a Committing OffensesNumbers (%) b of Youth and Means (Standard Deviations) c of OffensesTime I and Time IIIOffensesYouthN 1 (%)Time I Time III Differences dOffensesMean(S.D.)YouthN 3 (%)OffensesMean(S.D.)in No. ofYouth withOffensesPercentDeclineN d = N 1 - N 3 % =N d / N 1 * 100Total Offenses (excludingdrug and alcohol offenses)107(88.4)60.4(67.5)69(57.0)16.1(18.4)38 35.5Total Violence Offenses(serious and less serious)95(78.5)36.8(47.3)61(50.4)12.8(15.3)34 35.8Serious Violence Offenses 85(70.2)26.6(36.1)44(36.4)9.6(11.6)41 48.3Property Offenses 93(76.8)32.0(39.5)42(34.7)7.9(6.7)51 54.8Drug-Selling Offenses 50(41.3)10.4(7.5)45(37.2)6.9(4.8)5 10.0Drug Use 95(78.5)5.1(4.6)78(64.5)4.5(3.0)17 17.9Alcohol Use 112(92.6)5.0(3.8)105(86.8)3.6(2.6)7 6.3a One-hundred-twenty-one (121) youth (males, aged 12-24 years) said they committed offenses andcompleted both Time I and Time III interviews. One-hundred-eighty-two (182) youth completed Time I interviewsonly (Time II data are not used). The attrition rate between Time I and Time III interviews was 33.6%. Mainlyyouth 19-years-and-older did not complete a Time III interview. They were also generally the most seriousoffenders at Time I. Complete police arrest histories were obtained for all 182 youth.b Note that N 1 and N 3 indicate the numbers of youth who self-reported having committed offenses in theoffense categories at Times I and III, respectively. Percents (%) are calculated using a total N = 121.c Means and standard deviations (S.D.) are calculated using only youth who self-reported havingcommitted offenses in the offense categories at Times I and III.d N d = number or percent of differences between Time I and Time III.10.46
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
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their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
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indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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involved in job-related contacts wi
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Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
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individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
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Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
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workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
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Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
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Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
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Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
Page 300 and 301: Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
Page 302 and 303: Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
Page 304 and 305: Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
Page 306 and 307: Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
Page 308 and 309: 7) breaking into a car and stealing
Page 310 and 311: Similar sharp declines in frequenci
Page 312 and 313: also in our analysis using official
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Page 328 and 329: 0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
Page 330 and 331: Finally, we began to test the utili
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Page 334 and 335: includes six variables: one control
Page 336 and 337: significance are: youth over 19 yea
Page 338 and 339: Our best model for predicting chang
Page 340 and 341: All of these reductions were highly
Page 342 and 343: it in the future; and the higher th
Page 344 and 345: The above models suggest that a var
Page 346 and 347: Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 348 and 349: Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
Page 352 and 353: Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
Page 354 and 355: Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
Page 356 and 357: Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
Page 358 and 359: Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
Page 360 and 361: decreased or remained the same betw
Page 362 and 363: the types and scope of arrests, and
Page 364 and 365: Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
Page 366 and 367: p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
Page 368 and 369: violence at Time I increases its ar
Page 370 and 371: Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
Page 372 and 373: The drug-change model was construct
Page 374 and 375: Our analysis procedure is the same
Page 376 and 377: types of arrests, comparing Time I
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Page 380 and 381: Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
Page 382 and 383: Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
Page 384 and 385: 11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 386 and 387: 11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
Page 388 and 389: Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
Page 390 and 391: 11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 392 and 393: 11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
Page 394 and 395: 11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
Page 396 and 397: Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
Page 398 and 399: 11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
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Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
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when the outcome variable was chang
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delinquency patterns over the progr
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and self-reported-offense variables
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Again, most variables are derived f
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(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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outcome, using police arrest data f
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Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
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Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
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12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
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12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
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Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
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markets, resulting in high levels o
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individual gang youth in our Little
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“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
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type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
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and a greater increase or “specia
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these youth were represented in the
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number of offenses at Time I, but a
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Total Arrests. In the model with th
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The 19-and-over program sample also
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We find similar and proportionate d
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Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
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Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
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13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
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Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
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13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
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Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
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13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
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Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
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of the specific types of services p
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The success rate was relatively hig
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in respect to the outcome or depend
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(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
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violent behavior, was associated wi
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drug arrests, in a model together w
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SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
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than do non-services contacts. The
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per youth, and the perceptions by t
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educing violence arrests, and viole
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assume, because of small size, that
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program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
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patterns, in particular types or co
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Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
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Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
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Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
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Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
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Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
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Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
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Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
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Comparable Police Districts and Bea
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and aggravated assaults with a hand
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Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
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It is also important to note that l
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target gangs during the last two ye
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than the average percentage increas
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number of offenders in the District
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involved in drug arrests. Again, a
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accounted for only a small increase
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Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
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Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
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Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
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Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
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Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
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Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
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crime is best sustained during both
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Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
Page 588 and 589:
Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
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SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
Page 592 and 593:
Village the serious gang violence r
Page 594 and 595:
cultural, and health institutions s
Page 596 and 597:
II. While every attempt was made to
Page 598 and 599:
worse had dropped by almost half be
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few respondents in either community
Page 602 and 603:
Pilsen). These declines between tim
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I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
Page 606 and 607:
(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
Page 608 and 609:
territory), there was no longer a s
Page 610 and 611:
increase in Little Village can be a
Page 612 and 613:
Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
Page 614 and 615:
can be associated with the GVRP (pa
Page 616 and 617:
Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
Page 618 and 619:
and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
Page 620 and 621:
educe the presence of gangs in the
Page 622 and 623:
followed by improved schools, incre
Page 624 and 625:
particular, were less afraid in the
Page 626 and 627:
Table 16.1Community Characteristics
Page 628 and 629:
Table 16.3Problems in the Community
Page 630 and 631:
Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
Page 632 and 633:
Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
Page 634 and 635:
Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 636 and 637:
Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
Page 638 and 639:
Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
Page 640 and 641:
Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 642 and 643:
Table 16.17What Probation Officers
Page 644 and 645:
he quickly assumed coordination and
Page 646 and 647:
• Communication: Perhaps more imp
Page 648 and 649:
to your proposal.”In a November 1
Page 650 and 651:
foundations, and other sources. The
Page 652 and 653:
knowledge or permission of the Coor
Page 654 and 655:
although we expect to expand many e
Page 656 and 657:
Project staff were notified of prog
Page 658 and 659:
police, probation and youth workers
Page 660 and 661:
ideological terms between 1992 and
Page 662 and 663:
esponsibility of Project operations
Page 664 and 665:
• Program features: The program h
Page 666 and 667:
In a November 1996 monthly report,
Page 668 and 669:
activities with adult probation. Th
Page 670 and 671:
conflict with each other. MLG and t
Page 672 and 673:
program might look like.We have ben
Page 674 and 675:
arrangement was delayed and interru
Page 676 and 677:
CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
Page 678 and 679:
18.18
Page 680 and 681:
Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
Page 682 and 683:
Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
Page 684 and 685:
Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
Page 686:
Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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