The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncident Rates of Crime Per 100,000 IndividualsWe were interested in the possible effects of the Project which could be associated withchanges in U.S. Census-based prevalence rates of serious gang violent crime incidents byProject-equivalent community areas, particularly for 17-to-25-year-old males (essentially thetarget age group). For this purpose, we again selected Pilsen (District 12) as the comparisonarea.We needed to determine how many males, 17 to 25 years of age, in each of the twocomparable areas were at risk for gang membership and serious gang violence during the Projectdevelopmental period. Such base-population data were obtained from the 1990 U.S. Census.We decided to compare the prevalence rate changes in serious violent incidents per 100,000males, 17 to 25 years old, between the three-year pre-program and three-year program periods(i.e., close to the time the 1990 Census was carried out). We wanted to limit age redistributioneffects, as well as fluctuations in serious gang violence over longer periods. We wanted to betterassociate rate changes with what we considered optimum program effects, if they occurred.We computed a ratio between the number of serious violent gang crime incidents (i.e.,homicides, aggravated batteries with handguns or firearms, and aggravated assaults withhandguns or firearms) occurring in the three year pre-program and program periods, and theproportion of 17- to 25-year-old males per 100,000 individuals in the total population of eachcommunity, assuming no major age redistribution effects over these periods.15.63
According to the 1990 Census, there were approximately 9000 males, aged 17 to 25, per100,000 individuals in Little Village, compared to slightly more than 9800 males, aged 17 to 25,per 100,000 individuals in Pilsen. Thus, Pilsen had a higher density of males in the high-risk,serious-violence, gang-age category than Little Village. In the pre-program period, however,there were 197 incidents (or 1 incident for every 45.7 males, 17 to 25) in Little Village,compared to 152 incidents (or 1 for every 64.9 males, 17 to 25) in Pilsen. In other words, theprevalence rate of gang violence was higher in Little Village.In the three-year program period, there were 269 incidents of serious violent gang crimein Little Village, so the rate increased to 1 in 33.4. The number of incidents in Pilsen for thisperiod also increased to 230, as did the rate, to 1 in 42.9. At both time periods, then, the incidentrate per youth at highest risk was greater in Little Village. However, the increase in the rate overtime in Little Village was not so great as that in Pilsen. (The Little Village rate increased by12.3 incidents, versus 22.0 incidents in Pilsen.) In other words, the serious gang violenceprevalence rate – incidents per older-youth gang members – increased relatively more, about55.9% more, in Pilsen than in Little Village during the first three program years.All of this suggests that the Project was associated with a relatively greater reduction inserious gang violent incidents in Little Village, compared to Pilsen, other things being equal(e.g., offenders per incident and incarceration rates, as District police practices andundocumented immigration patterns were similar).15.64
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FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
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Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
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Arrests, Youth With and Without “
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...................................
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Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
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Gang problems have radically increa
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for youth with school officials if
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various agencies sponsoring the you
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the specialized youth-gang projects
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ehavior of the youngsters residing
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work” (manpower training and job
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(separately from the efforts of TWO
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impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
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procedures that have often been an
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developed programs to address the g
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members, representing 56 agencies i
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Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
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and expulsion practices in dealing
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membership, school, job, and commun
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Assessment, planning and evaluation
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Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
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IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
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Community Advisory GroupA group of
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policies and procedures which affec
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component. The expectation was that
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social opportunities and mobilize c
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collective involvement of police, c
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Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
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assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
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involved in the Project and believe
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pattern of communication between wo
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mainly in the late afternoon, night
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him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
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station intimidating local citizens
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Developing the Roles and Responsibi
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on individual contact with gang you
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individual youth. The completion of
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tactical officers were assigned ful
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disrespecting” the gang members.
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Probation would be contributing thr
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Department: “it appears criticall
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payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
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survey. The request was possibly re
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Gang Member Survey served both prog
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ideologies as they interacted and w
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their probation officers at probati
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peripheral, or associate gang membe
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This statement puzzled the rest of
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the development of the Project were
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from outside the community who inva
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not all activities or operations of
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Interrelated activity by Project pe
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with the same youth, then disagreed
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the father, in a federal penitentia
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gangs were to be provided outreach
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target youth to disassociate themse
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where the youth and gangs to which
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educational background or ability t
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areas. They were able to inconspicu
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out across racial or ethnic groups
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marched into the Two Six territory
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school to gain readmission to a reg
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would have to travel through enemy
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e more successful in the process of
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other youth.The youth work Supervis
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members, permitting the youth to st
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problems arose that affected the ne
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attles, or to take care of gang mem
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Project, wrote in one of his record
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officers of the violent crime unit
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Rolando, a former leader of a facti
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1. not give undue publicity to part
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double homicide. Manuel had grown u
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These expectations were not always
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not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
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former gang members, in a team arra
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the tactical officers. The adult pr
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field operations were expected to s
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expected to help probation respond
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Chicago Police Department. A key pr
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the CPD as the senior partner) in t
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past and present history of all Pro
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gangs as part of their police tacti
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say we’re just talking to these g
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R.C.We call the detectives to see i
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I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
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G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
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indirectly at first where to go. It
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“a real good kid. This is the fir
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G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
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R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
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family, helping the worker get to a
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G.S.As we said before, before you g
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Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
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organizational processes which affe
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consistently made it clear that his
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do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
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youth were also part of an illegal
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seeking applicants for jobs in boom
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part of the community.There appeare
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epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
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problem, especially as it affected
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In the application for funding to t
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with the African-American gang prob
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purpose of the meetings was to rais
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interagency meeting, which was fina
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provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
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expelling more gang members than ev
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Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
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expectations, peer relationships, a
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To determine the representativeness
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neighborhood characteristics, as we
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was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
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ehavior and arrests when we later e
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cultural institutions (e.g., povert
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prone to attacking the Latin Kings
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changed, and to what extent the red
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52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
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aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
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positive at Time I and Time III, bu
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in Little Village, who were gang me
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involved and violent youth and assi
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inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
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we excluded the twelve youth over 2
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(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
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violence which includes, in additio
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Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
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easons, failed to provide tracking
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Project police officers served or c
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in contact with a youth 13 times pe
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We describe the proportion of diffe
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younger youth) were provided with s
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involved in job-related contacts wi
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Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
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members of the two targeted gangs i
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individual youth in a group context
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Job-Related Services, the primary o
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Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
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workers. Of interest are the gang s
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proportion of younger or older gang
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Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
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Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
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Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
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Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
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Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
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Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
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Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
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Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
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7) breaking into a car and stealing
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Similar sharp declines in frequenci
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also in our analysis using official
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offense and arrest categories betwe
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(-48.3%). The least decline was for
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a crime in the community. All of th
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suppression effect, particularly at
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present at Time III. There are no s
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violence arrests and serious violen
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with offending behavior. In the res
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0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
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Finally, we began to test the utili
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employment status (1= currently emp
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includes six variables: one control
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significance are: youth over 19 yea
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Our best model for predicting chang
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All of these reductions were highly
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it in the future; and the higher th
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The above models suggest that a var
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Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
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Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
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Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
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Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
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Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
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decreased or remained the same betw
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the types and scope of arrests, and
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Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
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p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
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violence at Time I increases its ar
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Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
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The drug-change model was construct
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Our analysis procedure is the same
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types of arrests, comparing Time I
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were at Time II, at least for relat
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Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
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Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
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11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
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Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
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11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
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11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
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11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
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Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
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11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
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11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
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Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
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variables. We used the number of an
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when the outcome variable was chang
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delinquency patterns over the progr
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and self-reported-offense variables
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Again, most variables are derived f
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(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
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We try to identify those specific c
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likelihood of more youth spending l
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outcome, using police arrest data f
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Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
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Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
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Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
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12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
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12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
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Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
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markets, resulting in high levels o
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individual gang youth in our Little
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“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
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type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
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and a greater increase or “specia
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these youth were represented in the
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number of offenses at Time I, but a
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Total Arrests. In the model with th
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The 19-and-over program sample also
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We find similar and proportionate d
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Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
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Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
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13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
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Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
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13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
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13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
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Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
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13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
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Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
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of the specific types of services p
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The success rate was relatively hig
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in respect to the outcome or depend
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(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
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violent behavior, was associated wi
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drug arrests, in a model together w
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SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
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than do non-services contacts. The
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per youth, and the perceptions by t
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educing violence arrests, and viole
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assume, because of small size, that
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program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
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patterns, in particular types or co
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Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
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Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
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Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
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Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
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Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
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Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
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Comparable Police Districts and Bea
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and aggravated assaults with a hand
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Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
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It is also important to note that l
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target gangs during the last two ye
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Page 546 and 547: Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
Page 548 and 549: Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
Page 550 and 551: Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
Page 552 and 553: Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 554 and 555: Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
Page 556 and 557: Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
Page 558 and 559: Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
Page 560 and 561: Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
Page 562 and 563: Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
Page 564 and 565: Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
Page 566 and 567: Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
Page 568 and 569: Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
Page 570 and 571: Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
Page 572 and 573: Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
Page 574 and 575: years of its existence than in the
Page 576 and 577: crime is best sustained during both
Page 578 and 579: Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
Page 580 and 581: Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
Page 582 and 583: Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
Page 584 and 585: Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
Page 586 and 587: the gang problem (i.e., number of s
Page 590 and 591: SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
Page 592 and 593: Village the serious gang violence r
Page 594 and 595: cultural, and health institutions s
Page 596 and 597: II. While every attempt was made to
Page 598 and 599: worse had dropped by almost half be
Page 600 and 601: few respondents in either community
Page 602 and 603: Pilsen). These declines between tim
Page 604 and 605: I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
Page 606 and 607: (Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
Page 608 and 609: territory), there was no longer a s
Page 610 and 611: increase in Little Village can be a
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Page 614 and 615: can be associated with the GVRP (pa
Page 616 and 617: Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
Page 618 and 619: and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
Page 620 and 621: educe the presence of gangs in the
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Page 624 and 625: particular, were less afraid in the
Page 626 and 627: Table 16.1Community Characteristics
Page 628 and 629: Table 16.3Problems in the Community
Page 630 and 631: Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
Page 632 and 633: Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
Page 634 and 635: Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 636 and 637: Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
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Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
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Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.17What Probation Officers
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he quickly assumed coordination and
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• Communication: Perhaps more imp
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to your proposal.”In a November 1
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foundations, and other sources. The
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knowledge or permission of the Coor
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although we expect to expand many e
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Project staff were notified of prog
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police, probation and youth workers
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ideological terms between 1992 and
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esponsibility of Project operations
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• Program features: The program h
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In a November 1996 monthly report,
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activities with adult probation. Th
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conflict with each other. MLG and t
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program might look like.We have ben
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arrangement was delayed and interru
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CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
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18.18
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Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
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Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
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Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
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Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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