The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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procedures that have often been an effective means to control gang behaviors, particularlyviolence and a range of nuisance behaviors. Focus has been on protecting citizens (sometimesincluding gang youth themselves) from a series of violent encounters, while punishing youthwho commit or are suspected of committing such behaviors.However, low priority is given to communication, understanding, or prevention of thecomplex factors which induce youth to join gangs and participate in gang behavior. Gang-unitofficers focus single-mindedly on gang activities such as street loitering, graffiti, disorderlyconduct, fighting, drug possession and sale. They aggressively stop and search gang youth (andsometimes non-gang youth) on street corners, in cars, school yards, parks, beaches, randomlysweep them into paddy wagons and detention facilities, charging them with a range of offenseswhich are often dismissed at court arraignment.Such procedures may result inadvertently or deliberately in increased hostility to thepolice, stronger commitment by youth to the gang, and an increase in law-violating behavior.Gang police tend to sweep up opposing gang members in the same paddy wagons, creatinganimosity and further rationale for attacking members of opposing gangs. Charges for loiteringand minor offenses are quickly dismissed in court. Gang youth develop reputations for “beatingthe rap.” Gang police have been known to deliberately drop off youth from one gang inopposing gang territories (and then watching or arresting gang youth for the fights that ensue); tomark out gang graffiti and replace it with other gang markings; and infrequently to engage in avariety of illegal practices, sometimes in collaboration with gang youth, e.g., protecting orencouraging drug deals.City ordinances and state laws have widened the range of punishable behaviors by gang1.19
youth. State law may classify gangs as terrorist organizations. Certain offenses committed bygang youth require enhanced punishments. Courts tend to deny diversion and rehabilitationservices to gang youth, or deny juvenile-court processing and generally refer them to adult court.More Complex Cross-Institutional ApproachesThe increase in the numbers and memberships of gangs in the 1980s and 1990s wasassociated with rapid population movement, new waves of immigration, technological change,and growing segregation of low-income Latinos and African-Americans in certain communitiesin city and suburban areas. Youth gangs developed in the suburbs, in medium and smaller-sizedcities, on Indian reservations, and in rural areas. Gang violence grew more lethal. Gang youthwere increasingly selling drugs, usually small quantities. However, entrepreneurial drug gangsalso developed. The gang drug-problem escalated more rapidly than intergang violence in mostcommunities. Communities grew more fearful and less tolerant of gangs and gang youth.Government leaders continued to declare enhanced war on gangs, particularly on gangsin low-income minority areas. Increasingly, the police, schools, and community groups, whileprimarily committed to suppression, nevertheless became more involved in gang prevention andcommunity-mobilization to counter gang activities. Traditional detached-worker or streetworkerprograms continued to exist, but now in even more ambiguous relationship to otherprograms and agencies concerned with the gang problem.Boston has probably made the most extensive cross-agency efforts to deal with thejuvenile violence problem, including juvenile gang violence. A variety of organizations have1.20
Page 3 and 4: FiguresFigure 2.1 - Youth Gang Crim
Page 5: Table 10.12 - Best Model Predicting
Page 8 and 9: Arrests, Youth With and Without “
Page 10 and 11: ...................................
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1Introduction and Review of
Page 14 and 15: Gang problems have radically increa
Page 16 and 17: for youth with school officials if
Page 18 and 19: various agencies sponsoring the you
Page 20 and 21: the specialized youth-gang projects
Page 22 and 23: ehavior of the youngsters residing
Page 24 and 25: work” (manpower training and job
Page 26 and 27: (separately from the efforts of TWO
Page 28 and 29: impact of CIN was not conducted (Cr
Page 32 and 33: developed programs to address the g
Page 34 and 35: members, representing 56 agencies i
Page 36 and 37: Grasmick (1993) recommend “the re
Page 38 and 39: and expulsion practices in dealing
Page 40 and 41: membership, school, job, and commun
Page 42 and 43: Assessment, planning and evaluation
Page 44 and 45: Human Services (DHS) was terminatin
Page 46 and 47: IVProgram StrategyThe strategy to a
Page 48 and 49: Community Advisory GroupA group of
Page 50 and 51: policies and procedures which affec
Page 52 and 53: component. The expectation was that
Page 54 and 55: social opportunities and mobilize c
Page 56 and 57: collective involvement of police, c
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2.1Youth Gang Crime: A Theor
Page 60 and 61: assistant to Alderman Guttierez, wh
Page 62 and 63: involved in the Project and believe
Page 64 and 65: pattern of communication between wo
Page 66 and 67: mainly in the late afternoon, night
Page 68 and 69: him.November 12, 7:00 PM. The 16-ye
Page 70 and 71: station intimidating local citizens
Page 72 and 73: Developing the Roles and Responsibi
Page 74 and 75: on individual contact with gang you
Page 76 and 77: individual youth. The completion of
Page 78 and 79: tactical officers were assigned ful
Page 80 and 81:
disrespecting” the gang members.
Page 82 and 83:
Probation would be contributing thr
Page 84 and 85:
Department: “it appears criticall
Page 86 and 87:
payment to Center staff for mainten
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Neighborhood Organization (UNO), th
Page 90 and 91:
survey. The request was possibly re
Page 92 and 93:
Gang Member Survey served both prog
Page 94 and 95:
ideologies as they interacted and w
Page 96 and 97:
their probation officers at probati
Page 98 and 99:
peripheral, or associate gang membe
Page 100 and 101:
This statement puzzled the rest of
Page 102 and 103:
the development of the Project were
Page 104 and 105:
from outside the community who inva
Page 106 and 107:
not all activities or operations of
Page 108 and 109:
Interrelated activity by Project pe
Page 110 and 111:
with the same youth, then disagreed
Page 112 and 113:
the father, in a federal penitentia
Page 114 and 115:
gangs were to be provided outreach
Page 116 and 117:
target youth to disassociate themse
Page 118 and 119:
where the youth and gangs to which
Page 120 and 121:
educational background or ability t
Page 122 and 123:
areas. They were able to inconspicu
Page 124 and 125:
out across racial or ethnic groups
Page 126 and 127:
marched into the Two Six territory
Page 128 and 129:
school to gain readmission to a reg
Page 130 and 131:
would have to travel through enemy
Page 132 and 133:
e more successful in the process of
Page 134 and 135:
other youth.The youth work Supervis
Page 136 and 137:
members, permitting the youth to st
Page 138 and 139:
problems arose that affected the ne
Page 140 and 141:
attles, or to take care of gang mem
Page 142 and 143:
Project, wrote in one of his record
Page 144 and 145:
officers of the violent crime unit
Page 146 and 147:
Rolando, a former leader of a facti
Page 148 and 149:
1. not give undue publicity to part
Page 150 and 151:
double homicide. Manuel had grown u
Page 152 and 153:
These expectations were not always
Page 154 and 155:
not wearing a shirt. His old gang t
Page 156 and 157:
former gang members, in a team arra
Page 158 and 159:
the tactical officers. The adult pr
Page 160 and 161:
field operations were expected to s
Page 162 and 163:
expected to help probation respond
Page 164 and 165:
Chicago Police Department. A key pr
Page 166 and 167:
the CPD as the senior partner) in t
Page 168 and 169:
past and present history of all Pro
Page 170 and 171:
gangs as part of their police tacti
Page 172 and 173:
say we’re just talking to these g
Page 174 and 175:
R.C.We call the detectives to see i
Page 176 and 177:
I.S.What are you doing that’s dif
Page 178 and 179:
G.S.We locked this one guy up. He w
Page 180 and 181:
indirectly at first where to go. It
Page 182 and 183:
“a real good kid. This is the fir
Page 184 and 185:
G.S.That’s part of the problem, y
Page 186 and 187:
R.C.He’s not active in the gang,
Page 188 and 189:
family, helping the worker get to a
Page 190 and 191:
G.S.As we said before, before you g
Page 192 and 193:
Chapter 7Community MobilizationIntr
Page 194 and 195:
organizational processes which affe
Page 196 and 197:
consistently made it clear that his
Page 198 and 199:
do approach of the CPD. Citizen inv
Page 200 and 201:
youth were also part of an illegal
Page 202 and 203:
seeking applicants for jobs in boom
Page 204 and 205:
part of the community.There appeare
Page 206 and 207:
epresentatives of the Chicago Parks
Page 208 and 209:
problem, especially as it affected
Page 210 and 211:
In the application for funding to t
Page 212 and 213:
with the African-American gang prob
Page 214 and 215:
purpose of the meetings was to rais
Page 216 and 217:
interagency meeting, which was fina
Page 218 and 219:
provided to the state funding agenc
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activity, especially violence and g
Page 222 and 223:
expelling more gang members than ev
Page 224 and 225:
Chapter 8Characteristics of Program
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youth who entered the program in ov
Page 228 and 229:
expectations, peer relationships, a
Page 230 and 231:
To determine the representativeness
Page 232 and 233:
neighborhood characteristics, as we
Page 234 and 235:
was evidence, however, that some of
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legal sources; at Time II it was 71
Page 238 and 239:
ehavior and arrests when we later e
Page 240 and 241:
cultural institutions (e.g., povert
Page 242 and 243:
prone to attacking the Latin Kings
Page 244 and 245:
changed, and to what extent the red
Page 246 and 247:
52.0% to 70.0% of the interview sam
Page 248 and 249:
aspired to clerical, trade, and fac
Page 250 and 251:
positive at Time I and Time III, bu
Page 252 and 253:
in Little Village, who were gang me
Page 254 and 255:
involved and violent youth and assi
Page 256 and 257:
inaccuracies and inconsistencies in
Page 258 and 259:
we excluded the twelve youth over 2
Page 260 and 261:
(30.4%) and the comparison group (1
Page 262 and 263:
violence which includes, in additio
Page 264 and 265:
Chapter 9Program-Worker Contacts, S
Page 266 and 267:
easons, failed to provide tracking
Page 268 and 269:
Project police officers served or c
Page 270 and 271:
in contact with a youth 13 times pe
Page 272 and 273:
We describe the proportion of diffe
Page 274 and 275:
younger youth) were provided with s
Page 276 and 277:
involved in job-related contacts wi
Page 278 and 279:
Youth Response to the ProjectFinall
Page 280 and 281:
members of the two targeted gangs i
Page 282 and 283:
individual youth in a group context
Page 284 and 285:
Job-Related Services, the primary o
Page 286 and 287:
Aggregating Types of Services (Acti
Page 288 and 289:
workers. Of interest are the gang s
Page 290 and 291:
proportion of younger or older gang
Page 292 and 293:
Table 9.2Types of Services (Activit
Page 294 and 295:
Table 9.4Type of Service (Activity)
Page 296 and 297:
Table 9.6Job-Related Services, by T
Page 298 and 299:
Table 9.8Criminal-Justice-Related S
Page 300 and 301:
Table 9.10Aggregated Types of Perso
Page 302 and 303:
Table 9.12Project Strategies, by Yo
Page 304 and 305:
Table 9.14Services (Activities), by
Page 306 and 307:
Chapter 10Self-Reported Offense, Ar
Page 308 and 309:
7) breaking into a car and stealing
Page 310 and 311:
Similar sharp declines in frequenci
Page 312 and 313:
also in our analysis using official
Page 314 and 315:
offense and arrest categories betwe
Page 316 and 317:
(-48.3%). The least decline was for
Page 318 and 319:
a crime in the community. All of th
Page 320 and 321:
suppression effect, particularly at
Page 322 and 323:
present at Time III. There are no s
Page 324 and 325:
violence arrests and serious violen
Page 326 and 327:
with offending behavior. In the res
Page 328 and 329:
0.001), drug selling (r = 0.259, p
Page 330 and 331:
Finally, we began to test the utili
Page 332 and 333:
employment status (1= currently emp
Page 334 and 335:
includes six variables: one control
Page 336 and 337:
significance are: youth over 19 yea
Page 338 and 339:
Our best model for predicting chang
Page 340 and 341:
All of these reductions were highly
Page 342 and 343:
it in the future; and the higher th
Page 344 and 345:
The above models suggest that a var
Page 346 and 347:
Table 10.2Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 348 and 349:
Offenses/Arrests bTable 10.4Mean Fr
Page 350 and 351:
Table 10.6Mean Frequencies of Self-
Page 352 and 353:
Table 10.8Self-Reported Offenses -
Page 354 and 355:
Table 10.10Best Model Predicting Se
Page 356 and 357:
Table 10.12Best Model Predicting Se
Page 358 and 359:
Table 10.14Best Model Predicting Ch
Page 360 and 361:
decreased or remained the same betw
Page 362 and 363:
the types and scope of arrests, and
Page 364 and 365:
Program-Period Arrest PatternsThe f
Page 366 and 367:
p = 0.039. This model explains 43.6
Page 368 and 369:
violence at Time I increases its ar
Page 370 and 371:
Model IV: Property ArrestsThe same
Page 372 and 373:
The drug-change model was construct
Page 374 and 375:
Our analysis procedure is the same
Page 376 and 377:
types of arrests, comparing Time I
Page 378 and 379:
were at Time II, at least for relat
Page 380 and 381:
Figure 11.1Distribution of Youth in
Page 382 and 383:
Four Levels of Arrests for theThree
Page 384 and 385:
11.3(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 386 and 387:
11.4(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Ser
Page 388 and 389:
Table 11.5An Analysis of Variance o
Page 390 and 391:
11.5(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Tot
Page 392 and 393:
11.6(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Pro
Page 394 and 395:
11.7(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Dru
Page 396 and 397:
Table 11.8An Analysis of Variance o
Page 398 and 399:
11.8(f) Adjusted Mean Change in Oth
Page 400 and 401:
11.9(c) Adjusted Mean Change in Spe
Page 402 and 403:
Chapter 12Modeling Program Effects:
Page 404 and 405:
variables. We used the number of an
Page 406 and 407:
when the outcome variable was chang
Page 408 and 409:
delinquency patterns over the progr
Page 410 and 411:
and self-reported-offense variables
Page 412 and 413:
Again, most variables are derived f
Page 414 and 415:
(p = 0.032), but a positive relatio
Page 416 and 417:
We try to identify those specific c
Page 418 and 419:
likelihood of more youth spending l
Page 420 and 421:
outcome, using police arrest data f
Page 422 and 423:
Table 12.1Pre-Program a Arrest Patt
Page 424 and 425:
Table 12.3Best Model Predicting Cha
Page 426 and 427:
Table 12.5Best Model Predicting Cha
Page 428 and 429:
12.6.B-1 Job Referral Success by Wo
Page 430 and 431:
12.6.E-1 Length of Service Contact
Page 432 and 433:
Chapter 13Typology of Gang YouthFor
Page 434 and 435:
markets, resulting in high levels o
Page 436 and 437:
individual gang youth in our Little
Page 438 and 439:
“other” crimes. Nevertheless, f
Page 440 and 441:
type of youth-arrestee subsample, i
Page 442 and 443:
and a greater increase or “specia
Page 444 and 445:
these youth were represented in the
Page 446 and 447:
number of offenses at Time I, but a
Page 448 and 449:
Total Arrests. In the model with th
Page 450 and 451:
The 19-and-over program sample also
Page 452 and 453:
We find similar and proportionate d
Page 454 and 455:
Table 13.2Yearly Arrests of Youth i
Page 456 and 457:
Table 13.3 continuedFootnotesaArres
Page 458 and 459:
13.4(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 460 and 461:
13.4(f) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 462 and 463:
13.5(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Seriou
Page 464 and 465:
Table 13.6Analysis of Variance of C
Page 466 and 467:
13.6(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Total
Page 468 and 469:
13.7(c) Adjusted Mean Yearly Drug A
Page 470 and 471:
Table 13.8Analysis of Variance of C
Page 472 and 473:
13.8(e) Adjusted Mean Yearly Other
Page 474 and 475:
Chapter 14The Effectiveness of the
Page 476 and 477:
of the specific types of services p
Page 478 and 479:
The success rate was relatively hig
Page 480 and 481:
in respect to the outcome or depend
Page 482 and 483:
(odds ratio = 3.31) and the Latin K
Page 484 and 485:
violent behavior, was associated wi
Page 486 and 487:
drug arrests, in a model together w
Page 488 and 489:
SummaryIn general, “very effectiv
Page 490 and 491:
than do non-services contacts. The
Page 492 and 493:
per youth, and the perceptions by t
Page 494 and 495:
educing violence arrests, and viole
Page 496 and 497:
assume, because of small size, that
Page 498 and 499:
program subsample (39.1%). Also, th
Page 500 and 501:
patterns, in particular types or co
Page 502 and 503:
Table 14.1Summary of Logistic Regre
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Table 14.11Summary of Logistic Regr
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Table 14.19Comparison of Odds Ratio
Page 522 and 523:
Table 14.21Most Serious Sentencing
Page 524 and 525:
Table 14.23Arrestee Typology of You
Page 526 and 527:
Chapter 15Aggregate-Level Changes I
Page 528 and 529:
Comparable Police Districts and Bea
Page 530 and 531:
and aggravated assaults with a hand
Page 532 and 533:
Section I[Refer to Tables 15.1 to 1
Page 534 and 535:
It is also important to note that l
Page 536 and 537:
target gangs during the last two ye
Page 538 and 539:
than the average percentage increas
Page 540 and 541:
number of offenders in the District
Page 542 and 543:
involved in drug arrests. Again, a
Page 544 and 545:
accounted for only a small increase
Page 546 and 547:
Table 15.1 aGang Incident Data - Vi
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Table 15.3 aGang Incident Data - To
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Table 15.5 aGang Incident Data - Dr
Page 552 and 553:
Table 15.7 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.9 aGang Offender Data - Vi
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Table 15.11 aGang Offender Data - V
Page 558 and 559:
Table 15.13 aGang Offender Data - L
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Table 15.15 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.17 aGang Offender Data - A
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Table 15.19 aGang Offender Data - W
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Table 15.21 aGang Offender Data - D
Page 568 and 569:
Table 15.23 aGang Offender Data - D
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Table 15.25 aGang Offender Data - F
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Table 15.27 aNon-Gang Incidents - V
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years of its existence than in the
Page 576 and 577:
crime is best sustained during both
Page 578 and 579:
Figure 15.1AComparison of Average Y
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Figure 15.3ATen-Year Trend of Gang
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Figure 15.1BComparison of Average Y
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 15.3BSix-Year Trend of Gang
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the gang problem (i.e., number of s
Page 588 and 589:
Section IVwith Rolando V. SosaIncid
Page 590 and 591:
SummaryThe aggregate patterns of ch
Page 592 and 593:
Village the serious gang violence r
Page 594 and 595:
cultural, and health institutions s
Page 596 and 597:
II. While every attempt was made to
Page 598 and 599:
worse had dropped by almost half be
Page 600 and 601:
few respondents in either community
Page 602 and 603:
Pilsen). These declines between tim
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I (n = 94) to 20.0% at Time II (n =
Page 606 and 607:
(Chisquare = 4.723, df = 1, p # 0.0
Page 608 and 609:
territory), there was no longer a s
Page 610 and 611:
increase in Little Village can be a
Page 612 and 613:
Time I and Time II. Slightly more o
Page 614 and 615:
can be associated with the GVRP (pa
Page 616 and 617:
Pilsen respondents did. Pilsen repr
Page 618 and 619:
and from 84.5% to 67.3% in Pilsen (
Page 620 and 621:
educe the presence of gangs in the
Page 622 and 623:
followed by improved schools, incre
Page 624 and 625:
particular, were less afraid in the
Page 626 and 627:
Table 16.1Community Characteristics
Page 628 and 629:
Table 16.3Problems in the Community
Page 630 and 631:
Table 16.5Gang-Motivated and Non Ga
Page 632 and 633:
Table 16.7What Police Do to Deal wi
Page 634 and 635:
Table 16.9Amount of Gang-Motivated
Page 636 and 637:
Table 16.11What Police Do to Deal w
Page 638 and 639:
Table 16.13Organizations Believe Co
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Table 16.15Amount of Gang-Motivated
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Table 16.17What Probation Officers
Page 644 and 645:
he quickly assumed coordination and
Page 646 and 647:
• Communication: Perhaps more imp
Page 648 and 649:
to your proposal.”In a November 1
Page 650 and 651:
foundations, and other sources. The
Page 652 and 653:
knowledge or permission of the Coor
Page 654 and 655:
although we expect to expand many e
Page 656 and 657:
Project staff were notified of prog
Page 658 and 659:
police, probation and youth workers
Page 660 and 661:
ideological terms between 1992 and
Page 662 and 663:
esponsibility of Project operations
Page 664 and 665:
• Program features: The program h
Page 666 and 667:
In a November 1996 monthly report,
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activities with adult probation. Th
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conflict with each other. MLG and t
Page 672 and 673:
program might look like.We have ben
Page 674 and 675:
arrangement was delayed and interru
Page 676 and 677:
CPD and CCDAP probably did not clea
Page 678 and 679:
18.18
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Carney, Frank J., Hans W. Mattick a
Page 682 and 683:
Klein, Malcolm W. 1968 (July). The
Page 684 and 685:
Short, James F., Jr, and Fred L. St
Page 686:
Swans, Bennie J. 1981 (May 11). Cri
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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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