Advances in Water Treatment and Enviromental Management

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4. CONCLUSIONSGROUNDWATER POLLUTION BY VOLATILE ORGANIC SOLVENTS 215The case studies described in this paper have shown the need for thorough studies of thegroundwater pollution problem in connection with the design and operation of treatmentfacilities and the need for a conservative approach to the treatment works design since thereare still factors which are not fully understood.Specific conclusions on the source identification aspect include:– the importance of undertaking detailed solvent use surveys prior to siting exploratoryboreholes;– the difficulty in determining the age of pollution due to the presence of low permeabilitylayers;– the need for regular monitoring of a wide range of possible contaminants in industrialareas.A number of conclusions have been drawn also from the experience in the use of air strippingfor VOC removal at the two sites and possible reasons for the variability in performance arepresented:– air stripping has been effective at both sites in reducing the concentrations of TCE andPCE to target levels (12 µg/l and 5 (µg/1 respectively).– at the Case A site where polypropylene pall rings were used as the tower packing material,performance was much as expected with 93% removal achieved for both TCE and PCE.– at Case B site the performance has been more variable, for example with the removalefficiency for TCE varying between 50 and 92%.– whilst this variability is not yet fully explained, the evaluation of operating data points toaspects which warrant further investigation, including, for example, the susceptibility ofthe Snowflake packing to hydraulic overloading with adverse effects on mass transferperformance.– whilst the performance of activated carbon at the Case B site has not been covered inthis paper, the installation of this second stage treatment following a history of traceorganics in the raw water, has provided an additional safeguard against the breakthroughof VOCs.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors wish to thank the Director of Quality of Anglian Water Services Limited forpermission to publish this paper. However the views expressed are those of the authors andare not necessarily those of Anglian Water Services Limited.REFERENCESDepartment of the Environment 1989 “The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 1989”.Statutory Instruments 1989 Nr 1147.European Economic Community. 1976 “Directive Relating to Dangerous Substances in Water76/464/EEC”, Official Journal of the European Communities L129.European Economic Community. 1980 “Directive Relating to the Quality of Water Intendedfor Human Consumption 80/778/EEC”. Official Journal of the European CommunitiesL229.Narasimhan, T N & Witherspoon, PA, 1976. “An Integrated Finite Difference Method forAnalysing Fluid Flow in Porous Media”. Water Resources Research, 12(1), 57–64.
216 WATER TREATMENTGreen D W & Moloney J 0,1984. Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th Edition, McGrawHill. Norman W S. 1961, Absorption, Distillation and Cooling Towers. Longmans.Norman W S & Soloman B K. 1959. “The Effect of Ammonia Absorption on the Wetted Area ofa Packed Tower”, Trans Inst Chem Engrs 37, 237Tester D J & Harker, R J 1981. “Groundwater Pollution Investigations in the Great OuseRegion”. Water Pollution Control, 614–631.US Environmental Protection Agency, 1975. “Preliminary Assessment of SuspectedCarcinogens in Drinking Water”, Report to Congress.World Health Organisation, 1984. “Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality”. WHO, Geneva.
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ADVANCES INWATER TREATMENTANDENVIRO
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ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTDCrow
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PART VI—RIVERS AND RIVER MANAGEME
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FOREWORDThe quality of the environm
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PART IPolicy matters
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ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP: THE ROLE
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18 WATER TREATMENTTable 1: Comparis
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EUROPEAN DRINKING WATER STANDARDS 2
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Chapter 3COST ESTIMATION OF DIFFERE
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COST OF DIFFERENT WATER QUALITY PRO
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32 WATER TREATMENTThe Act enabled t
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34 WATER TREATMENTSome of the descr
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36 WATER TREATMENTTable III: Parame
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38 WATER TREATMENT8.3 Deficiencies
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40 WATER TREATMENTAPPENDIXSCHEDULE
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Chapter 5CONTROL OF DANGEROUSSUBSTA
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CONTROL OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES IN
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Chapter 6THE GREATER LYON EMERGENCY
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GREATER LYON EMERGENCY WATER INSTAL
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Chapter 7EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR THEEXPL
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EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR PURIFICATION STA
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EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR PURIFICATION STA
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Chapter 8APPLYING TECHNOLOGY TO THE
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APPLYING TECHNOLOGY IN A PRIVATISED
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APPLYING TECHNOLOGY IN A PRIVATISED
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76 WATER TREATMENTPublic awareness
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78 WATER TREATMENTcontrol system. T
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80 WATER TREATMENTFIGURE 2
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82 WATER TREATMENTFilter 1 continue
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84 WATER TREATMENTThe tank was cons
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86 WATER TREATMENTThe supernatant l
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Chapter 10PLANT MONITORING ANDCONTR
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PLANT MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM
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106 WATER TREATMENTFIG. 2 COMBINING
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108 WATER TREATMENT- Operational co
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110 WATER TREATMENTFIG. 6 PS1 PUMP
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112 WATER TREATMENThrs to prevent r
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114 WATER TREATMENTDecision support
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Chapter 12GAS LIQUID MIXING AND MAS
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GAS LIQUID MIXING AND MASS TRANSFER
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5. Waste Water Processing Technique
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In summary, to quote reference 10,
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PART IVControl and measurementtechn
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132 WATER TREATMENTThese perceived
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134 WATER TREATMENTSuch deteriorati
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136 WATER TREATMENTresources throug
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138 WATER TREATMENTMobile equipment
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Chapter 14MEASUREMENTS OF MASSTRANS
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MEASUREMENTS OF MASS TRANSFER IN A
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PART VTreatment: innovation andappl
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158 WATER TREATMENTiii)iv)The progr
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160 WATER TREATMENTof its generatio
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162 WATER TREATMENTA last point of
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Page 184 and 185: Chapter 17UNDERSTANDING THE FOULING
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Page 192 and 193: Chapter 18ADSORPTION OFTRIHALOMETHA
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Page 230 and 231: Chapter 21GREEN ENGINEERING: THE CA
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Page 234 and 235: Chapter 22PREVENTION OF WATERPOLLUT
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Page 242 and 243: Chapter 23THE RIVER FANE FLOWREGULA
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266 WATER TREATMENT8.5 RainfallRain
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268 WATER TREATMENTsimultaneously.
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