rologie i - European Congress of Virology

5 th European Congress of VirologyFriday 13 th September 2013, 15h00 – 17h15KEYNOTE:WORKSHOP 16: “ZOONOTIC VIRUSES”Partnership with the FP7-EU programs ANTIGONE& PREDEMICSChairpersons: Thijs KUIKEN (Rotterdam, THENETHERLANDS) & Sylvie VAN DER WERF(Paris, FRANCE)Room Tête d’OrCoronaviruses: designed to emerge?Eric J. SNIJDERDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center,THE NETHERLANDThe emergence – less than a decade apart – of the SARS- and MERSvirusesemphasizes the significant pandemic potential of the coronavirus(CoV) family. They are respiratory and enteric pathogens of humans anddomesticated animals, and also appear to be omnipresent in wild-life,in particular in bats. The crossing of species barriers is a common CoVfeature, since all endemic human CoVs appear to have been transmittedfrom animal hosts.At the genomic level, CoVs stand out for having the largest known RNAgenomes (up to 32 kilobases), which is replicated by an RNA-synthesizingmachinery of unprecedented complexity in the RNA virus world. CoVenzymes include both “standard enzymes” and less common (or unique)functions, like an exoribonuclease implicated in a primitive form of proofreadingthat may push back the CoV error threshold and thus secure thesurvival of the large CoV genome. RNA recombination, potentially linkedto the mechanism producing subgenomic mRNAs, appears to have shapedthe evolution of various CoV genes, including those encoding replicaseand spike protein. Moreover, different CoV lineages have acquired specificsets of “accessory protein genes”, which are commonly dispensable forcell culture replication but important in pathogenesis and immunity on thelevel of the infected organism. The genetic heterogeneity of CoVs and theunderlying molecular mechanisms are key factors in host switching andadaptation, and this poses a special challenge for the design of antiviralstrategies aiming to combat zoonotic CoV infections at large.ORAL COMMUNICATIONSREF O122Phylodynamics and dispersal of domestic dog rabies in an African cityHerve BOURHY 1 , Emmanuel NAKOUNÉ 2 , Matthew HALL 3 , AnthonyLE PELLETIER 1 , Chiraz TALBI 1 , Laurence WATIER 4,5 , Edward C.HOLMES 6 , Philippe LEMEY 7 , Andrew RAMBAUT 3,81 Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHOCollaborating centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris,FRANCE; 2 Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRA-FRICAINE; 3 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh,Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UNITED KINGDOM; 4 INSERM,U657 and Institut Pasteur, PhEMI, Paris, France; 5 Faculté de MédecineParis Ile de France Ouest, Université de Versailles – Saint Quentin,Versailles, France; 6 Sydney Emerging Infections & Biosecurity Institute,School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Sidney,AUSTRALIA; 7 Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM; 8 FogartyInternational Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USALittle is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of rabies in dogs andthe processes responsible for its maintenance in specific geographic localities.In a large scale gene sequence study, we previously demonstratedhow anthropogenic and evolutionary dynamics shape the spatial distributionand spread of RABV in North Africa (Talbi et al., Plos Pathogens2010). In the present study we inferred the evolutionary history of 172RABV sequences (5050 nucleotides) collected in Bangui, and from otherneighbouring cities. Bangui is the capital of Central African Republic andlacks a specific program to control dog rabies. The timescale of the evolutionaryhistory of RABV in Bangui was estimated using a Markov chainMonte Carlo approach. Our data indicate that the epidemiology of RABVin this large city is characterized by periodic introduction of new lineagesof RABV into the city. The introductions and spread of the correspondingviruses are responsible for small outbreaks that all seem to contributeto a succession of epidemic waves, the pattern of which was determinedusing epidemiological data (periods=7.4 and 4.5 years). These waves wereseparated by unexpected extinctions of the transmission chains followedby the introduction and spread of new lineages not circulating before. Inconclusion, our data indicate that rabies is not sustainably maintained ina large city over relatively long time scales, suggesting a more importantrole of sparsely connected versus large homogenous dog populations inthe maintenance of RABV at local geographical scales.REF O123Arboviruses in Europe, an increasing threatNatalie CLETON 1,2 , Marion KOOPMANS 1,2 , Chantal REUSKEN 11 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, THENETHERLANDS; 2 Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, THE NETHER-LANDSBackground: Globally the number of travelers has risen from 450 millionin 1990 to nearly 950 million in 2010. 5 10% of travelers report to a medicalcaretaker after travel. Consequently, doctors are increasingly confrontedwith travel related diseases.Objective: The magnitude of travel within Europe and beyond and theconstantly changing dynamics of arbovirus diseases across the globedemands up to date information about arbovirus threats to travelers andthe countries they visit.Method: We systematically reviewed current knowledge on medicallyimportant travel related arboviruses in Europe, and ranked the arbovirusesby geographic region, clinical syndrome, and probability of occurrence.Results: The majority of clinically important arboviruses belong to theFlaviviridae, Bunyaviridae or Togaviridae families. In Northern and EasternEurope, tick borne encephalitis is one of the most important endemicarboviruses, but West Nile virus and Sandfly fever viruses may producecomparable clinical symptoms. Febrile disease, arthritis and rash may becaused by a range of arboviruses, including Sindbis, Tahyna and Chikungunyaand Dengue. Additionally, outside of Europe there are a large variety ofarboviruses that overlap in geographical region as well as primary clinicalsyndrome with European arboviruses.Conclusion: Diagnosing endemic or travel associated arboviral diseaserequires knowledge about geographic distribution, travel and exposurehistory. Differential diagnosis requires testing for multiple arboviruses asclinical syndromes and geographic distributions overlap.REF O124A charge dependent interaction is necessary for Rift Valley fever viruslike particle entry into its host cellMaria BAUDIN 1 , Delowar HOSSAIN 1 , Friedemann WEBER 2 , MagnusEVANDER 11 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Unit of Virology, Umeå University,Umeå, SWEDEN; 2 Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg,Marburg, GERMANYS92 Virologie, Vol 17, supplément 2, septembre 2013