Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concepts and Methods - Lirmm

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104 P. Lemay and M. Maheux-Lessard We have shown that videogames were in part negatively perceived by this sample, so were watching TV and surfing and communication on the Internet. In this regard, these kinds of leisure activities adhere more closely to a passive leisure interpretation, in the line of leisure science researches. We also found fundamental differences of attitudes between men and women and between videogame players and non-players. This innovative approach for the game community should be complemented by other researches in order to consolidate its relevance and usefulness. In order to be more widely adopted, the foreseen challenges for this methodology are to elaborate a standardized corpus of adjectives and to test it across various projects (games, types of games, players, etc.) and being much language sensitive, across different cultures. The knowledge then gained could lead to a better appreciation of this everpopular form of entertainment. From the empirical results, a few key points are worthy to consider for the design of videogames. First, an effort should be undertaken in order to develop and market games as a constructive form of entertainment, a leisure activity that helps to develop oneself and one’s quality of life. The potential benefits on the physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral (physical), and social levels should be addressed by both design and marketing departments. Beside the useful ludic and entertainment value of videogames, they should strive at least in part to provide the pursuit of individuals’ meaningful objectives, where the developed abilities in the games could be transposed in daily life and vice versa. This would have an incidence on how society as a whole perceives this kind of leisure. References Ajzen I (1989) Attitude structure and behavior. In: Pratkanis AR, Breckler S, Greenwald AJ (eds) Attitude Structure and Function. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale. Ajzen I, Madden TJ (1986) Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22(5): 453–474. Appelman RL (2007) Experiential modes of gameplay. In: Proceedings of DIGRA 2007, Tokyo. Apter MJ (1991) A structural phenomenology of play. In: Kerr JH, Apter MG (eds) Adult Play: A Reversal Theory Approach. Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam. Argyle M (1987) The Psychology of Happiness. Menthuen & Co Publishing, New York. Barnett MA et al. (1997) Late adolescents’ experiences with and attitudes towards videogames. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27(15): 1316–1334. Björk S, Holopainen J (2005) Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media, Hingham, MA. Bloch H et al. (1991) Grand Dictionnaire de la psychologie. Larousse, Paris. Bonapace L (1999) The ergonomics of pleasure. In: Green WS, Jordan PW (eds) Human Factors in Product Design. Taylor and Francis, London. Cardoso S (2007) The development of the affective value in the entertaining interaction. In: Proceedings of Kansei Engineering (Managing Emotion & Feeling) for Services and Products 2007, Lund. Costello B (2007) A pleasure framework. LEONARDO 40(4): 370–371. Crandall R (1980) Motivations for leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 12(1): 45–54. Csikszentmihalyi M (1990) Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper and Row, New York.
6 Investigating Experiences and Attitudes Toward Videogames 105 Csikszentmihalyi M (1997) Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life. Basic Books, New York. D’Astous A et al. (2003) Comportement du consommateur. Chenelière/McGraw-Hill, Montreal. Entertainment Software Association (2008) Essential facts about the computer and video game industry. http://www.theesa.com/facts/pdfs/ESA_EF_2008.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2008. Ermi L, Mäyrä F (2005) Fundamental components of the gameplay experience: Analyzing immersion. DIGRA. http://www.digra.org/dl/db/06276.41516.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2007. Fortugno N (2008) The strange case of the casual gamer. In: Isbister K, Schaffer N (eds) Game Usability: Advice from the Experts for Advancing the Player Experience. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Burlington. Fullerton T (2008) Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games, 2nd edn. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Burlington. Hunicke R, LeBlanc M, Zubek R (2004) MDA: A formal approach to game design and game research. Northwestern University. http://www.cs.northwestern.edu/∼hunicke/MDA.pdf. Accessed 16 January 2007. Koester R (2004) Theories of Fun for Game Design. Paraglyph, Scottsdale, AZ. Kuniavsky M (2003) Observing the User Experience: A Practitioner’s Guide to User Research. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA. Lazzaro N (2004) Why we play games: Four keys to more emotion in player experiences. In: Proceedings of GDC 2004, San Jose. http://www.xeodesign.com/whyweplaygames/ xeodesign_whyweplaygames.pdf. Accessed 28 December 2005. Lemay P (2007a) Developing a pattern language for flow experiences in video games. In: Proceedings of DIGRA 2007, Tokyo. Lemay P (2007b) Course notes. Jeux, expériences et interactions. Tuesday 11 September 2007. DESS en design de jeux. Université de Montréal. Lemay P (2008) Game and flow concepts for learning: some considerations. In: McFerrin K, et al. (eds) Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2008, pp. 510–515. Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Mandryk RL, Atkins MS, Inkpen KM (2006) A continuous and objective evaluation of emotional experience with interactive play environments. In: Proceedings of SIGCHI 2006, Montreal. Mondragon S, Company P, Vergara M (2005) Semantic differential applied to the evaluation of machine tool design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 35(11): 1021–1029. Osgood CE, Suci G, Tannenbaum P (1957) The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. Pagulayan RJ, Keeker K, Wixon D, Romero RL, Fuller T (2003) User-centered design in games. In: Jacko JA, Sears A (eds) The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applications. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Hillsdale. Press M, Cooper R (2003) The Design Experience – The Role of Design and Designers in the Twentieth Century. Ashgate Publishers, Burlington. Ragheb MG, Beard GB (1982) Measuring leisure attitudes. Journal of Leisure Research 14(2): 155–167. Ragheb MG, Tate R (1993) A behavioural model of leisure participation, based on leisure attitudes, motivation and satisfaction. Leisure Studies 12(1): 61–70. Salen K, Zimmerman E (2004) Rules of Play – Game Design Fundamentals. MIT Press, Cambridge. Schmitt B (1999) Experiential Marketing. The Free Press, New York. Shedroff N (2001) Experience Design. New Riders Publishing, Indianapolis, IN. Sweetser P, Wyeth P (2005) GameFlow: A Model for Evaluating Player Enjoyment in Games. ACM Press, New York.
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Human-Computer Interaction Series E
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Regina Bernhaupt Editor Evaluating
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For Philippe
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viii Foreword Chapter 3, Presence I
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x Foreword personality which evolve
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Contents Part I Introduction to Eva
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Contributors Regina Bernhaupt IRIT,
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Contributors xvii Manfred Tscheligi
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xx About the Authors Emily Brown is
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xxii About the Authors a post-docto
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xxiv About the Authors Christina Ko
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xxvi About the Authors MIT Media La
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xxviii About the Authors Theft Auto
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Chapter 1 User Experience Evaluatio
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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Chapter 2 Enabling Social Play: A F
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2 Enabling Social Play 13 It is als
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2 Enabling Social Play 15 observati
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2 Enabling Social Play 17 for playe
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2 Enabling Social Play 19 to provid
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2 Enabling Social Play 21 Colwell J
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Chapter 3 Presence, Involvement, an
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3 Presence, Involvement, and Flow i
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Chapter 4 Assessing the Core Elemen
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4 Assessing the Core Elements of th
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Chapter 10 Evaluating User Experien
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10 Evaluating User Experience Facto
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Chapter 11 Evaluating Exertion Game
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226 M. Brown et al. Count 450 400 3
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228 M. Brown et al. feedback. Thus,
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230 M. Brown et al. Desurvivre H, C
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Chapter 13 Using Heuristics to Eval
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13 Using Heuristics to Evaluate the
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Index A Advanced interaction games,
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