Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concepts and Methods - Lirmm

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170 M. Lankes et al. Darwin (Cornelius 1996). The “Darwinian approach” focuses on facial expressions and propagates a limited number of basic, fundamental, or discrete emotions that are directly linked to the motivational system (Scherer et al. 2004). Followers of this tradition assume that specific eliciting conditions would automatically trigger a pattern of reactions such as peripheral physiological responses. It is postulated that mechanisms of emotion mixing or blending occur, which lead to a great variability of facial expressions. Russell and Fernandez-Dols (1997) summarized the discrete emotion approach to outline basic assumptions. First, there is a small set of basic (or fundamental) emotions that are genetically determined and discrete. Each of these emotional states is composed of behavioral patterns like the portrayal of specific facial expressions. The encoding and decoding of emotional signals developed based on adoption processes. States that are not linked to facial signals are not considered as basic emotions. Evidence is present for the basic emotions happiness, surprise, anger, contempt (some uncertainty), disgust, sadness, and fear. These emotions are recognized by all humans (innate) independent from their cultural background. Emotions that share nonfundamental states are considered to be blends (mixtures) of basic emotions. Cultural restrictions may inhibit or mask certain behavioral patterns called display rules. Based on these assumptions, Ekman and Friesen (1972) developed Facial Action Coding System (FACS). It serves as a high-level description of motions by feature points (Jaimes and Sebe 2007). Each facial muscle is assigned a numeric value that is modified when muscles move. Thus, facial expressions could be synthesized by relating to FACS codes. FACS allows measuring facial expressions objectively, which enables the synthesis of specific expressions by applying the required FACS codes. Movement of individual facial muscles sections lead to observable alternations within the overall appearance of the face. Fernandez-Dols and Carroll (1997) emphasized the importance of context, claiming that the perception of emotional signals is significantly influenced by situational factors and vice versa. Wallbott (1990) also supports this position by noting that subjects were confronted with isolated stimuli to indicate their perception of the presented emotion. He propagated the explicit incorporation of context-related information in the investigation of facial expression. Without context, subjects are forced to simulate (or construct) the missing information, which inevitably will lead to invalid research results. According to Wallbott (1990), three factors are relevant when judging the emotional quality: the stimulus (for example, photos showing facial expressions), the background (or context), and the emotional disposition of the observer. Contextual aspects are not only embedded in emotions, but also the cause for emotional dispositions. Context in facial expression can be subdivided into a situation-related context (modification of the current emotion), a comparative context (the relation of one nonverbal communication channel between others), the static context (captured via photos), and the dynamic context (involved channels in a given time frame). To summarize the findings of Wallbott (1990), person-related aspects (here: facial expressions) have more influence on emotion judgments than situational components. However, the analyzed data revealed that (although visual stimuli are
10 Evaluating User Experience Factors Using Experiments 171 dominating the perception) descriptions of emotion-eliciting situations will gain importance if the constellation of stimuli is dissonant. Furthermore, subjects employ different strategies when being confronted with different types of stimuli constellations. Person-related aspects do not completely dominate situational factors, as they are always integrated into the judgment of emotional stimuli. An important factor that determines the importance of components is the type of presentation medium. The increase of visualization in regard to situational aspects leads to a shift of dominance. The more visualized a situation is presented, the more it will influence the judgment on emotion. Wallbott (1990) assumes that dynamic stimuli material (descriptions of emotion-eliciting situations) in “still” settings (presentation of facial expressions via film clips) grants more clear information on a given situation than static presentations (presentation of facial expressions via photos). The following proposal for evaluating UX in the context of ECAs will build on these findings as it tries to extend the framework by employing a new (interactive) presentation medium. The relative importance of information channels shall not be addressed, but a novel experimental setting to investigate the perceived user experience in regard to facial expressions and their relation to contextual aspects shall be presented. The introduced theoretical considerations on emotion should serve as a foundation, as well as to provide some insights into this multidimensional research topic. It should have been pointed out that situational aspects have to be considered when investigating the perception of facial expressions as they determine the quality of the interpretation process. 10.3 Evaluation The goal of this experiment was to understand the influence of emotional facial expressions of ECAs and descriptions of emotion-eliciting situations in three interaction conditions (still, animated, or interactive) on the user experience. We see user experience as a concept that is best described as a property of the human interacting with the game. The overall user experience during game play is consisting of some key components. Emotions are the most prominent component together with immersion, playability, or flow. As we only wanted to understand how changes in the emotional expression of an ECA and emotion-eliciting situations might influence the general perception, we decided to focus on a general measurement of user experience, based on the AttrakDiff questionnaire. 10.3.1 Methodological Considerations To investigate user experience in games, a set of methods has been developed. Following traditional HCI approaches of classifying evaluation, methods can be grouped in expert- and user-oriented evaluations (Dix et al. 2004), other classifications are based on development cycles or more social science-oriented approaches (Bernhaupt et al. 2007b). How emotional expressions of ECAs and
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Human-Computer Interaction Series E
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Regina Bernhaupt Editor Evaluating
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For Philippe
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viii Foreword Chapter 3, Presence I
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x Foreword personality which evolve
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Contents Part I Introduction to Eva
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Contributors Regina Bernhaupt IRIT,
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Contributors xvii Manfred Tscheligi
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xx About the Authors Emily Brown is
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xxii About the Authors a post-docto
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xxiv About the Authors Christina Ko
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xxvi About the Authors MIT Media La
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xxviii About the Authors Theft Auto
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Chapter 1 User Experience Evaluatio
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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Chapter 2 Enabling Social Play: A F
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2 Enabling Social Play 13 It is als
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2 Enabling Social Play 15 observati
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2 Enabling Social Play 17 for playe
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2 Enabling Social Play 19 to provid
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2 Enabling Social Play 21 Colwell J
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Chapter 3 Presence, Involvement, an
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3 Presence, Involvement, and Flow i
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74 E. Brown (2005). Björk and Holo
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78 E. Brown could be simulated on p
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80 E. Brown 5.3.2 Pre-production At
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82 E. Brown from the code. This is
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84 E. Brown At this point, there is
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86 E. Brown Game developers have be
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Chapter 6 Investigating Experiences
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6 Investigating Experiences and Att
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226 M. Brown et al. Count 450 400 3
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Chapter 13 Using Heuristics to Eval
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Index A Advanced interaction games,
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