Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concepts and Methods - Lirmm

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64 E.H. Calvillo-Gámez et al. elements, namely, Aesthetic Value, Time and Previous Experiences (Table 4.2). Facilitators are a latent variable, while Aesthetic Value, Time and Previous Experiences are observable variables. These relationships among variables can be modelled graphically in the following way: Latent variables are represented as circles and observable as squares. We draw an arrow from a causing variable to a receiving variable. In Fig. 4.1, we present the relationships among the different latent variables based on above statements. All the latent variables depend on the observable variables. However, the observable variable is a consequence of the latent one. That is, the observable variable exists because it belongs to the construct specified by the latent variable (Nunnally and Bernstein 1994). See Fig. 4.2 for a graphical representation between latent and observable variables. Fig. 4.1 The CEGE model: The figure depicts all the relationships among the latent variables. (a) Inside CEGE, Video-game and Puppetry produce Enjoyment. (b) Inside Puppetry, Control and Facilitators produce Ownership, which produces Enjoyment. (c) Inside Video-game, Game-play and Environment produce Enjoyment Fig. 4.2 The CEGE model: The figure depicts the relationships among observable (squares) and latent (circles) variables
4 Assessing the Core Elements of the Gaming Experience 65 4.5.2 A Questionnaire for the Gaming Experience The CEGE Questionnaire (CEGEQ) was developed to measure the observable variables in order to understand the behaviour of the latent constructs. The questionnaire was developed using an iterative process following the usual psychometric guidance (Loewenthal 2001, Nunnally and Bernstein 1994). The questionnaire is presented in the Appendix. Observable variables are considered as items in the questionnaire context and latent variables as scales. The questionnaire is created with 38 items and 10 scales. The scales are Enjoyment, Frustration, CEGE, Puppetry, Video-game, Control, Facilitators, Ownership, Game-play and Environment. The first two scales were included as a reference to see the relationships between CEGE and Enjoyment and Frustration. If the CEGE are present, then Frustration should be low and uncorrelated. The remaining scales are the latent variables produced from the theory. See Table 4.3 for a relationship between items and scales. Due to the hierarchical formulation of the theory, items may belong to more than one category. An item can belong to the Puppetry and Control scales, for example. Table 4.3 The items in the questionnaire belong to different scales Items Scale 1 Scale 2 1, 4, 5 Enjoyment – 2, 3 Frustration – 6–38 CEGE – 6–12, 38 Puppetry Control 13–18 Puppetry Facilitators 19–24 Puppetry Ownership 25 Puppetry Control/ownership 26–31 Video-game Environment 32–37 Video-game Game-play 4.6 An Example of Using the Questionnaire In this section, we present an example of how to use the CEGE theory to differentiate among different experiences. The experiment explores the differences when two different input devices are used to play Tetris. The results of the experiment are discussed using the CEGE theory to differentiate among the different experiences. 4.6.1 Method 4.6.1.1 Design The experiment used a within-subjects design. The independent variable was the type of controller used. Two types of controllers were used and the order in which
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Human-Computer Interaction Series E
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Regina Bernhaupt Editor Evaluating
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For Philippe
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viii Foreword Chapter 3, Presence I
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x Foreword personality which evolve
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Contents Part I Introduction to Eva
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Contributors Regina Bernhaupt IRIT,
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Contributors xvii Manfred Tscheligi
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xx About the Authors Emily Brown is
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xxii About the Authors a post-docto
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xxiv About the Authors Christina Ko
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xxvi About the Authors MIT Media La
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xxviii About the Authors Theft Auto
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Chapter 1 User Experience Evaluatio
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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Chapter 2 Enabling Social Play: A F
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Index A Advanced interaction games,
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