Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concepts and Methods - Lirmm

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162 K. Poels et al. would be interesting to investigate which general motivational factors cause such experiences and which postgame experiences are uniquely related to gaming and which are not. As such, it should be considered in what respect playing games is similar to other leisure activities and what characteristics uniquely apply to digital games. Another interesting point came out of the second study. Participants in our second study did mention interpretations of real-world situations (e.g., a dark alley) being influenced by what typically happens in such situations inside a game environment (i.e., avoid the alley, because there will be danger). This might suggest that cultivation effects can be induced by playing digital games. The central premise of cultivation studies is that heavy users of a particular medium (e.g., television, movies) are more likely to perceive the real world in ways that reflect the world represented in that medium (Van Mierlo and Van den Bulck 2004). Studies on cultivation effects within games are still limited (Van Mierlo and Van den Bulck 2004, Williams 2006). We think, however, that this area deserves further explorations, especially given the increase in realism and elaborate narratives embedded in current games. As stated in the introduction, most research on user experience in games has focused on in-game experiences. This chapter showed that user experiences do not stop after the game session has ended. Futures studies should investigate how ingame experiences and postgame experiences correlate and depend on background variables such as gender, play style, type of game played, and general personality traits. Clarification of these relationships can make important contributions to the interplay of gaming motivations, game experiences, and other game-related factors (e.g., game content, game design, and commercial game success) and nongame-related behavior (e.g., [anti]social behavior, personality development, and coordination skills). To summarize, postgame experiences do occur when engaging in playing digital games. We proposed a diverse set of postgame experiences and explored firsthand experiences through focus groups with different types of gamers. We hope our study can inspire researchers within the domain of user experience in digital games. We call for research that further addresses how postgame experiences relate to other aspects associated with digital game play. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the European Commission’s Framework 6 IST program. In particular, the work reported here has been supported by the FUGA project (part of the IST – New and Emerging Science and Technology program) and the Games@Large project (part of the IST – Networked Audio-Visual Systems and Home Platforms program). References Agarwal R, Karahanna E (2000) Time flies when you’re having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage. MIS Quarterly 24(4): 665–694. Bartle R (1996) Hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades: Players who suit MUDs. The Journal of Virtual Environments 1(1). www.brandeis.edu/pubs/jove/HTML/v1/bartle.html . Accessed 7 November 2008. Boring EG (1930) A new ambiguous figure. American Journal of Psychology 42: 444.
9 Digital Games, the Aftermath 163 Brown E, Cairns P (2004) A grounded investigation of game immersion. ACM CHI 2004, pp. 1297–1300. Bruner J, Potter M (1964) Interference in visual recognition. Science 144(3617): 424–425. Buckley KE, Anderson CA (2006) A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing videogames. In: Vorderer P, Bryant J (eds) Playing Video Games: Motives, Responses, and Consequences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. Carnagey NL, Anderson CA (2005) The effects of reward and punishment in violent video games on aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior. Psychological Science 16: 882–889. Carnagey NL, Anderson CA, Bushman BJ (2007) The effect of video game violence on desensitization to real-life violence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43: 489–496. Colwell J (2007) Needs met through computer game play among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences 43: 2072–2082. Colwell J, Grady C, Rhaiti S (1995) Computer games, self-esteem, and gratification of needs in adolescents. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 5: 195–206. Csikszentmihalyi M (1990) Flow. The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row, New York. de Kort YAW, IJsselsteijn WA, Poels K (2007) Digital games as social presence technology: Development of the social presence in gaming questionnaire (SPGQ). In: Proceedings of 10th Annual International Workshop Presence, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 195–203. Ermi L, Mäyrä F (2005) Fundamental components of the gameplay experience: Analysing immersion. de Castell S, Jenson J (eds) Changing Views: Worlds in Play. In Selected Papers of the 2005 Digital Games Research Association’s Second International Conference. Green CS, Bavelier D (2003) Action video games modifies visual selective attention. Nature 423: 534–537. Griffiths M, Davies M (2005) Does video game addiction exist? In: Raessens J, Goldstein J (eds) Handbook of Computer Game Studies. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Jennet C, Cox AL, Cairns P et al. (2008) Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 66(9): 641–661. Kubey R, Csikszentmihalyi M (2002) Television addiction is not a mere metaphor. Scientific American 286(2): 62–68. Lunt P, Livingstone S (1996) Rethinking the focus group in media and communications research. Journal of Communication 46(2): 79–98. Pilcher J, Huffcutt A (1996) Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: A meta-analysis. Sleep 19(4): 318–326. Poels K, de Kort YAW, IJsselsteijn WA (2007) “It is always a lot of fun!” Exploring dimensions of digital game experience using focus group methodology. In: Proceedings of Annual FuturePlay Conference, Toronto, Canada, pp. 83–89. Rock I (1983) The Logic of Perception. MIT press, Cambridge, MA. Selnow GW (1984) Playing video games: The electronic friend. Journal of Communication 34: 148–156. Sherry J (2004) Flow and media enjoyment. Communication Theory 4: 328–347. Sweetser P, Wyeth P (2005) GameFlow: A model for evaluating player enjoyment in games. ACM Computers in Entertainment 3(3): 1–24. Van Mierlo J, Van den Bulck J (2004) Benchmarking the cultivation approach to video game effects: A comparison of the correlates of TV viewing and game play. Journal of Adolescence 27: 97–111. Vorderer P, Bryant J, Pieper K, Weber R (2006) Playing video games as entertainment. In: Vorderer P, Bryant J (eds) Playing Video Games: Motives, Responses, and Consequences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. Vorderer P, Klimmt C, Ritterfield U (2004) Enjoyment: At the heart of entertainment. Communication Theory 14(4): 388–408. Williams D (2006) Virtual cultivation: Online worlds, offline perceptions. Journal of Communication 56: 69–87. Yee N (2006) Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology & Behavior 9(6): 772–775.
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Human-Computer Interaction Series E
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Regina Bernhaupt Editor Evaluating
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For Philippe
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viii Foreword Chapter 3, Presence I
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x Foreword personality which evolve
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Contents Part I Introduction to Eva
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Contributors Regina Bernhaupt IRIT,
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Contributors xvii Manfred Tscheligi
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xx About the Authors Emily Brown is
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xxii About the Authors a post-docto
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xxiv About the Authors Christina Ko
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xxvi About the Authors MIT Media La
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xxviii About the Authors Theft Auto
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Chapter 1 User Experience Evaluatio
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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Chapter 2 Enabling Social Play: A F
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2 Enabling Social Play 13 It is als
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2 Enabling Social Play 15 observati
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2 Enabling Social Play 17 for playe
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2 Enabling Social Play 19 to provid
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2 Enabling Social Play 21 Colwell J
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Chapter 3 Presence, Involvement, an
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3 Presence, Involvement, and Flow i
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74 E. Brown (2005). Björk and Holo
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78 E. Brown could be simulated on p
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80 E. Brown 5.3.2 Pre-production At
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82 E. Brown from the code. This is
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84 E. Brown At this point, there is
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86 E. Brown Game developers have be
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Chapter 6 Investigating Experiences
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6 Investigating Experiences and Att
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226 M. Brown et al. Count 450 400 3
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228 M. Brown et al. feedback. Thus,
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230 M. Brown et al. Desurvivre H, C
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Index A Advanced interaction games,
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