Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concepts and Methods - Lirmm

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202 F. Mueller and N. Bianchi-Berthouze well with more reliable indicators of exercise intensity such as blood lactate, VO2, ventilation and respiration rates, and it is also not affected by the environmental factors associated with skewed heart rate monitor data (see above). The results are subjective, however, and the players need to give their rating during or right after the exertion activity. For example, asking a subject during a treadmill-based game to rate her/his exertion level seems doable; however, chasing a player on a football pitch to acquire an intensity rating might seem impractical. It should be noted, however, that such a focus on the outcome of the game experience, whether through heart rate monitors or Borg’s scale, might aid in offering recommendations as to which exertion games support the most intense workout; however, they fall short in contributing to an understanding of whether and how the game facilitates an intrinsic motivation for the participants to play in the first place. Hence, we believe such approaches should not be used exclusively, but rather complement the methods we described in more detail above. By doing so, they might be able to contribute to a more complete story of the user experience in exertion games. 11.5.3 Evaluating Exertion Games Based on User Groups We also would like to point the reader to the work by Höysniemi (2006), who describes the design and evaluation of physically interactive games she has been involved in designing herself. The author argues that different user groups can benefit from different evaluation methods and that the unique characteristics of exertion games demand a critical reflection on which method to choose. Next to interviews and questionnaires, she has used observational as well as Wizard-of-Oz and peer tutoring methods to evaluate exertion games. Similar to Loke et al. (2007), she has also attempted to describe the bodily movements exhibited in a game using dancederived movement analysis. She selected specific methods depending on the user group, children, dancers or martial art athletes and argues that each has potential for unique insights. 11.5.4 Evaluating Using Blogs As users have appropriated exertion games for their personal weight loss goals, it might be possible to use their self-reported progress reports to evaluate such games. For example, upon its release, the Nintendo Wii inspired many avid gamers who described themselves as reluctant exercisers to use the accompanied exertion games to increase their energy expenditure through gaming. Many of these gamers reported their progress in blogs (see for example, DeLorenzo 2007) and used the social support they gained from comments and page-view statistics as motivational tools. Although these data need to be trusted, the sheer amount of user data and worldwide availability could make such an approach an intriguing tool to evaluate games in terms of their effectiveness not only to reduce players’ waistlines, but also
11 Evaluating Exertion Games 203 to investigate any long-term effects to engage players, based on their dedication to report about it. 11.6 Future Challenges Parts of our work involve affective notions of user experience and their relationships with exertion activity. Most often, emotional engagement with games is associated with increased bodily activity. An additional way forward to understanding this inter-relationship could be a view from the opposite direction: By examining the exertion component, researchers might be able to infer affective aspects from the gaming experience. This appears to be a valid approach, as bodily expressions are an important index of emotional experience. For example, past research has shown that body movement and posture can be an important modality in the human judgment of behavioural displays including affective states and moods (Argyle 1988, Bernhardt and Robinson 2008). Although most work in this area has focused on facial expressions (Ambady and Rosenthal 1992, Ekman and Rosenberg 2005), recent studies embraced a more body-centric approach and found that the perception of emotion is often biased towards the emotion expressed by the body (Meeren et al. 2005), meaning the inference of affective states through body posture in exertion games could yield improved results compared to facial-expression approaches. It should be noted, however, that unlike the recognition of facial expressions, which has been generally based on quantitative models that map pattern of muscle activation into emotions (e.g., Ekman and Rosenberg 2005), recognition of bodily expressions of emotions has long been mostly qualitative. Recent advances make the process of identifying emotions from basic movement and posture units more objective and measurable. For example, Berthouze et al. (Bianchi-Berthouze and Kleinsmith 2003, De Silva and Bianchi-Berthouze 2004) proposed a general description of posture based on angles and distances between body joints to support the mapping of body postures into emotions. Although such approaches might suffer from the general limitations of any automatic recognition systems, their ability to mature through a demand of supporting the creation of technology that can adapt to the affective states of the user can make them a powerful new avenue for evaluation. 11.7 Final Thoughts We have described our work on the topic of evaluating user experiences of exertion games. We do not believe there is a generic approach to evaluating exertion games, and therefore we offered a diverse set of results with the intention to contribute towards an understanding of this new emerging area from varied viewpoints. By supporting our experience reports with concrete data from case studies, we hoped to be able to provide the reader with practical guidance on what kind of effects one can expect, which are unique to evaluating exertion games. Our aim was to
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Human-Computer Interaction Series E
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Regina Bernhaupt Editor Evaluating
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For Philippe
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viii Foreword Chapter 3, Presence I
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x Foreword personality which evolve
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Contents Part I Introduction to Eva
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Contributors Regina Bernhaupt IRIT,
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Contributors xvii Manfred Tscheligi
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xx About the Authors Emily Brown is
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xxii About the Authors a post-docto
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xxiv About the Authors Christina Ko
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xxvi About the Authors MIT Media La
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xxviii About the Authors Theft Auto
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Chapter 1 User Experience Evaluatio
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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Chapter 2 Enabling Social Play: A F
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2 Enabling Social Play 13 It is als
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2 Enabling Social Play 15 observati
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2 Enabling Social Play 17 for playe
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Chapter 3 Presence, Involvement, an
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3 Presence, Involvement, and Flow i
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Chapter 6 Investigating Experiences
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Index A Advanced interaction games,
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