Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concepts and Methods - Lirmm

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152 K. Poels et al. their game character, they experience the game environment with all their senses, creating a game-specific mind-set. Consequently, players might experience difficulties to return to the real world once they stopped gaming. These difficulties can be short lived and directly related to a particular play session. For example, feeling confused, or introvert after a game session, or having difficulties with sleeping or switching the mind-set. This experience could presumably also occur on the long term, particularly for habitual players who repeatedly experience difficulties related to switching between the game world and their real life. In extreme cases, this could lead to serious withdrawal symptoms (Griffiths and Davies 2005). 9.2.3 Postgame Experiences Related to Game Flow The experience of flow is often discussed within a gaming context (Sherry 2004, Sweetser and Wyeth 2005). A state of flow typically involves high levels of cognitive absorption or deep concentration. One of the characteristics of cognitive absorption is that it makes people lose track of time (Csikszentmihalyi 1990). As such, time goes by faster than expected (Agarwal and Karahanna 2000). Since playing games has the potential to get people fully drawn into a fantasy world, or to really soak them into challenging tasks and activities, people lose track of time and, inevitably, end up spending more time than they actually planned at playing games. However, for most people, time is a scarce good. By consequence, they are forced to divide their precious time between work, family, and leisure. If playing digital games, as a leisure activity, absorbs a substantial amount of time, more than intended, it can cause people to forego other activities that involve expectations or responsibilities, like spending time with their family, studying, or carrying out household activities. We assume that people will often only realize this after they stopped gaming, causing negative postgame experiences such as shame, regret, guilt, or a general bad mood. In extreme circumstances, spending nightly hours at playing digital games might lead to sleep deprivation which is known to affect mood as well as cognitive and motor performance (Pilcher and Huffcutt 1996). 9.2.4 Postgame Experiences Related to Social Gaming A motivation that is often neglected is the social motivation to play digital games. Nevertheless, an increasing number of digital games include possibilities for social interactions both within the game world and in the real and tangible world of the gamer. As such, playing digital games is often as much about the social interaction per se as it is about the interaction with the game content (de Kort et al. 2007). The social nature of gaming and the social experiences during game play can presumably lead to a set of social experiences after gaming, both positive and negative in valence. As already stated, playing games with friends can increase bonding and enrich friendships (Selnow 1984, Colwell et al. 1995). This game effect could
9 Digital Games, the Aftermath 153 probably stem from the experience of warmth or connectedness both during and after game play. Further, cooperation in an online world (e.g., being a member of a World of Warcraft guild) can bring about a sense of affiliation or belonging. Moreover, being affiliated to an online guild or clan comes with certain responsibilities and engagement toward the clan. Possibly, in the long run, this could put the gamer under pressure, leading to negative experiences such as stress, guilt, and frustration. This could, for example, occur if a person repeatedly experiences that he or she has not the time to invest as much as he or she likes in the clan. Or, seen from the other side, players can experience deep disappointment when an affiliated member does not fulfill his/her commitment toward the group. 9.2.5 Postgame Experiences Related to Embodied Gaming Recently, embodied gaming (e.g., Nintendo Wii, Playstation Eye Toy) has become very popular. This type of game play distinguishes itself from traditional digital games in the sense that people’s actual body movements are a part of the game play. Similar to other physical activities like playing sports, these bodily efforts during play have the potential to induce a set of experiences after the game session has ended, for example, release of tension, relaxation, and satisfaction, but on the backside also exhaustion, tiredness, and sore muscles. 9.2.6 Postgame Experiences After Repeated Exposure to a Game Environment Most above-mentioned postgame experiences occur directly after a gamer has stopped playing and can thus be considered as short-term postgame experiences. Additionally, we envisage experiences that occur after repeated exposure to a game environment. These long-term postgame experiences presumably originate from the way people perceive and process their environment. To explain this, we rely on basic human perception theory (Boring 1930, Rock 1983). When processing their environment, people use prior knowledge to recognize objects, words, or sounds (i.e., top-down processing). The prior knowledge that is used as a reference point can be shaped by any perceptual stimulation that is repeated frequently and over long periods of time. Consequently, this prior knowledge biases our perception by creating a perceptual set, or a mental predisposition to perceive a stimulus in a certain way (Boring 1930, Bruner and Potter 1964). Perceptual sets make people perceive and interpret stimuli in a way that is relevant for themselves. For example, a model hunter will perceive tall, slim girls on the street as potential top models, whereas a dietician might perceive those girls as suffering from an eating disorder. Both perceptions and interpretations stem from their prior knowledge and subsequent perceptual sets.
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Human-Computer Interaction Series E
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Regina Bernhaupt Editor Evaluating
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For Philippe
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viii Foreword Chapter 3, Presence I
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x Foreword personality which evolve
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Contents Part I Introduction to Eva
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Contributors Regina Bernhaupt IRIT,
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Contributors xvii Manfred Tscheligi
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xx About the Authors Emily Brown is
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xxii About the Authors a post-docto
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xxiv About the Authors Christina Ko
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xxvi About the Authors MIT Media La
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xxviii About the Authors Theft Auto
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Chapter 1 User Experience Evaluatio
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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1 User Experience Evaluation in Ent
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Chapter 2 Enabling Social Play: A F
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2 Enabling Social Play 13 It is als
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2 Enabling Social Play 15 observati
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2 Enabling Social Play 17 for playe
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2 Enabling Social Play 19 to provid
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2 Enabling Social Play 21 Colwell J
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Chapter 3 Presence, Involvement, an
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3 Presence, Involvement, and Flow i
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74 E. Brown (2005). Björk and Holo
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80 E. Brown 5.3.2 Pre-production At
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82 E. Brown from the code. This is
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84 E. Brown At this point, there is
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86 E. Brown Game developers have be
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Chapter 6 Investigating Experiences
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6 Investigating Experiences and Att
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226 M. Brown et al. Count 450 400 3
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228 M. Brown et al. feedback. Thus,
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230 M. Brown et al. Desurvivre H, C
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Index A Advanced interaction games,
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