Download the X-Plane 10 Manual - X-Plane.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

112 APPENDIX A. AIRFOIL MAKER SUPPLEMENT A.2 Designing an Airfoil Figure A.1: The graph of the airfoil’s coefficients [Full size →] Every airfoil ever designed has its own specific characteristics, which are its coefficients of • lift (how much the airfoil wants to lift up), • drag (how much the airfoil wants to pull back), and • moment (how much the airfoil wants to pitch up). A.2.1 The Coefficient Graph Dominating the design screen is a large black graph with green, red, and yellow lines on it, like Figure A.1. Moving the mouse around in the graph will cause the numbers displayed in the black box in the bottom left of the screen (seen in Figure A.2) to change in real time. This is the coefficient display box, and it displays, for whatever angle of attack the mouse it pointing at, the coefficients of the airfoil at that angle of attack. Just point the mouse at the part of the curve you are interested in, and look at the exact coefficients in the coefficient display box. Figure A.2: The coefficient display box [Full size →]
A.2. DESIGNING AN AIRFOIL 113 Figure A.3: The Reynolds number parameter [Full size →] The left edge of the graph corresponds to an angle of attack of -20 degrees, and the right edge corresponds to an angle of attack of +20 degrees. Therefore, moving the mouse to the left edge of the chart will cause the alpha: reading in the black box to go to -20, corresponding to the -20 degree angle of attack. The same goes for the right edge with its +20 degree angle of attack. The center of the chart represents an angle of attack of zero degrees. (Remember that the angle of attack is the angle of the wing to the air. It is the angle at which the wing hits—attacks—the air). The green line in the graph is the coefficient of lift, called cl in the coefficient display box in the bottom left. The red line is the coefficient of drag, called cd in the coefficient display box. The yellow line is the coefficient of moment, called cm in the coefficient display box. We’ll look at the behavior of each of these lines below. A.2.2 Reynolds Number In the upper left of the screen is a number labeled Re, for Reynolds number, as highlighted in Figure A.3. The Reynolds number is simply the air density times the speed of the airplane times the chord of the wing divided by the viscosity of air (wow!). Experiments have shown that a wing’s coefficients of lift, drag and moment vary somewhat with Reynolds number. For recreational purposes, we can probably neglect any change in performance with Reynolds number, thus ignoring this setting altogether. The number entered in the Reynolds number box may have some impact, however, on the simulation. For highest realism, users can generate two different airfoil files for the same airfoil in Airfoil Maker, each file at a different Reynolds number, and assign them both to a wing in Plane Maker! X-Plane will figure out the Reynolds number on each piece of the plane at least 10 times per second and interpolate between the two airfoil files to give the most realistic coefficients for that flight Reynolds number. Pilots should realize that very good accuracy can be obtained without touching the Reynolds number at all, and without generating two airfoil files for each airfoil. Most users can ignore the above paragraph and the “Reynolds number” slot in the airfoil generation screen without sacrificing a good simulation. In this section, we also have the thickness ratio and the drag-divergence Mach number. Thickness only affects the visual appearance of the wing when it is shown in Plane Maker and X-Plane. The thickness ratio is an important characteristic of the airfoil so it is usually easy to find in the airfoil data or even the airfoil name. NACA 2412 has a thickness of 12% so you would enter 0.120 here.
Page 1:
U L T R A -R E A L IS T IC F L IG H
Page 4 and 5:
iv ABOUT THIS MANUAL
Page 6 and 7:
vi CONTENTS 3.3.2.1 Special Conside
Page 8 and 9:
viii CONTENTS 7.1.2.2 VOR Navigatio
Page 10 and 11:
x CONTENTS B Troubleshooting X-Plan
Page 12 and 13:
2 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE instrume
Page 14 and 15:
4 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE software
Page 16 and 17:
6 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE Aerospac
Page 18 and 19:
8 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE
Page 20 and 21:
10 CHAPTER 2. QUICK START GUIDE 2.
Page 22 and 23:
12 CHAPTER 2. QUICK START GUIDE Fig
Page 24 and 25:
14 CHAPTER 2. QUICK START GUIDE the
Page 26 and 27:
16 CHAPTER 2. QUICK START GUIDE Fig
Page 28 and 29:
18 CHAPTER 3. PREPARATION AND INSTA
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
28 CHAPTER 4. CONFIGURING AND TUNIN
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
46 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE Fig
Page 58 and 59:
48 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE Fig
Page 60 and 61:
50 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE The
Page 62 and 63:
52 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE wea
Page 64 and 65:
54 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE Mov
Page 66 and 67:
56 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE Ins
Page 68 and 69:
58 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE The
Page 70 and 71:
60 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE 5.1
Page 72 and 73: 62 CHAPTER 5. FLIGHT IN X-PLANE
Page 74 and 75: 64 CHAPTER 6. ADVANCED SIMULATION I
Page 82 and 83: 72 CHAPTER 7. NAVIGATION, AUTOPILOT
Page 98 and 99: 88 CHAPTER 8. SPECIAL SITUATIONS IN
Page 110 and 111: 100 CHAPTER 8. SPECIAL SITUATIONS I
Page 116 and 117: 106 CHAPTER 9. EXPERT ESSAYS deflec
Page 118 and 119: 108 CHAPTER 9. EXPERT ESSAYS There
Page 120 and 121: 110 CHAPTER 9. EXPERT ESSAYS of vie
Page 124 and 125: 114 APPENDIX A. AIRFOIL MAKER SUPPL
Page 136 and 137: 126 APPENDIX B. TROUBLESHOOTING X-P
Page 142 and 143: 132 APPENDIX C. TECH SUPPORT
Page 144 and 145: 134 APPENDIX D. HOW TO FILE A BUG R
Page 146 and 147: 136 APPENDIX D. HOW TO FILE A BUG R
Page 148 and 149: 138 APPENDIX E. COMMISSIONING CUSTO
Page 150 and 151: 140 APPENDIX F. WATER WORLD
Page 152 and 153: 142 APPENDIX G. DATA OUTPUT FROM X-
Page 172 and 173:
162 APPENDIX G. DATA OUTPUT FROM X-
Page 174 and 175:
164 APPENDIX G. DATA OUTPUT FROM X-
Page 176 and 177:
166 INDEX OF MENU ITEMS Location Re
Page 178 and 179:
168 INDEX OF MENU ITEMS
Page 180 and 181:
170 GLOSSARY Figure G.1: The flight
Page 182 and 183:
172 GLOSSARY Distance Measuring Equ
Page 184 and 185:
174 GLOSSARY Speed: The change in t
show all

Download the X-Plane 10 Manual - X-Plane.com

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?