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82 CHAPTER 7. NAVIGATION, AUTOPILOTS, AND FLYING ON INSTRUMENTS The LOC button will immediately begin lateral navigation (navigating to a GPS destination) once engaged. It will, however, only track a VOR radial or ILS localizer after the needle has come off of full-scale deflection. This means that if you have a full-scale ILS needle deflection (simply because you have not yet gotten to the localizer) the localizer mode will simply go into armed (yellow) mode, and will not do anything yet to the plane. Your current heading or wing level mode (if engaged) will remain in force (or you can fly by hand) until the localizer needle starts to move in towards the center. Once that happens, the LOC will suddenly go from armed mode (yellow) to active mode. This causes the autopilot to start flying the plane for you, disengaging any previous modes. The reason that the localizer function disengages previous modes is that you will typically fly heading mode until you get to the localizer, and as soon as the localizer needle comes in, you want the autopilot to forget about heading and start flying the localizer down to the runway. Alternatively, you may simply fly the plane by hand to the localizer (with no autopilot mode on at all) and have the autopilot take over once the ILS needle starts to come in, indicating you are entering the localizer. Interestingly, this is much the same as the altitude modes. Just as the localizer is armed by hitting the LOC button, and you can do anything until the localizer arms take over lateral control, the altitude is also armed (always and automatically) and you can fly any vertical speed, airspeed, or pitch (manually or on autopilot) until the altitude is reached, at which point the autopilot will go into altitude hold mode. Just like the lateral navigation (that is, the localizer function), the vertical navigation (glideslope, or G/S mode) will not do anything until the glideslope needle starts to move. Unlike with the localizer, though, the glideslope function won’t do anything until the glideslope needle goes all the way through the center position. It does this because you typically have the airplane on altitude hold until you intercept the glideslope, at which point the plane should stop holding altitude and start descending down to the runway. In other words, the glideslope function will automatically go from armed to active once the plane hits the center of the glideslope. Let’s now put the LOC and G/S functions into use to fly an ILS. 7.3.3 Flying an ILS Using LOC and G/S To fly an ILS, do the following while still far away from the ILS and below glideslope: 1. Hit the ALT button to hold the current altitude. 2. Enter a heading in the heading window to be followed until you intercept the ILS. 3. Hit the HDG button to hold that heading. 4. Hit the LOC button. It will go to “armed” (yellow). 5. Hit the G/S button. It will also go to “armed” (yellow). 6. As soon as you intercept the localizer, the LOC button will go from yellow to green, abandoning the heading mode to instead fly the localizer. 7. As soon as you intercept the center of the glideslope, the G/S button will go from yellow to green, abandoning the altitude hold mode to instead fly the glideslope. 8. The autopilot will track you right down to the runway, and even flare at the end, cutting power if auto-throttle is engaged.
7.3. USING THE AUTOPILOT 83 Just as in a real airplane, these things only work well if you: • intercept the localizer far away (outside of the outer marker) and below the glideslope, • intercept the localizer at less than a 30 ◦ angle, and • hold altitude when you intercept the glideslope. If you come in above the glideslope, cross the localizer at a wide angle, or intercept the localizer too close to the airport, the autopilot will not be able to maneuver the airplane for landing (again, just as in a real plane). Now that we’ve detailed flying with the autopilot, let’s talk about flying an FMS (flight management system) plan. 7.3.4 Flying an FMS Plan To fly a flight management system plan, a few things must happen: 1. You must enter your entire flight plan into the FMS. 2. You have to have the HSI set to GPS, not NAV 1 or NAV 2 (because the autopilot will fly whatever it sees on the HSI). 3. You must have the LOC button selected ON since that button causes the autopilot to follow the localizer (or whatever is on the HSI). 4. You must have the FLIGHT DIR switch set to AUTO, so that the servos are running. 5. You must hit the VNAV button if you want the FMS to also load altitudes into the altitude window. Do all these things and the plane will follow any FMS plan, assuming, of course, that the plane you are flying has all this equipment (which of course some do not). To demonstrate the use of an FMS, we’ll go through the procedure in a typical aircraft (a Boeing 777). The steps will be similar in any aircraft. 1. Open up the Boeing 777 using the Open Aircraft dialog box. It is found in the Heavy Metal aircraft folder. 2. The FMS is found on the right half of the screen, near the middle of the panel (it should be displaying the text “PLAN SEGMENT 01”). Hit the INIT button on the FMS. This gets the FMS ready to receive a flight plan. 3. Now hit the AIRP button, telling the FMS that you are about to go to an airport. 4. Now enter the ID of the destination airport by hitting the keypad keys with the mouse. Let’s imagine we are starting at San Diego International Airport (KSAN) and flying to San Bernardino International (KSBD). 5. If you like, hit the line-select button on the left side of the FMS next to the text “FLY AT FT” and enter the altitude you want to fly at using the keypad.
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U L T R A -R E A L IS T IC F L IG H
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iv ABOUT THIS MANUAL
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vi CONTENTS 3.3.2.1 Special Conside
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viii CONTENTS 7.1.2.2 VOR Navigatio
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x CONTENTS B Troubleshooting X-Plan
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2 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE instrume
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4 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE software
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6 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE Aerospac
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8 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE
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10 CHAPTER 2. QUICK START GUIDE 2.
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12 CHAPTER 2. QUICK START GUIDE Fig
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16 CHAPTER 2. QUICK START GUIDE Fig
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18 CHAPTER 3. PREPARATION AND INSTA
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28 CHAPTER 4. CONFIGURING AND TUNIN
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30 CHAPTER 4. CONFIGURING AND TUNIN
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132 APPENDIX C. TECH SUPPORT
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134 APPENDIX D. HOW TO FILE A BUG R
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136 APPENDIX D. HOW TO FILE A BUG R
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138 APPENDIX E. COMMISSIONING CUSTO
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140 APPENDIX F. WATER WORLD
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142 APPENDIX G. DATA OUTPUT FROM X-
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166 INDEX OF MENU ITEMS Location Re
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168 INDEX OF MENU ITEMS
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170 GLOSSARY Figure G.1: The flight
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172 GLOSSARY Distance Measuring Equ
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174 GLOSSARY Speed: The change in t
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