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32 CHAPTER 4. CONFIGURING AND TUNING YOUR X-PLANE INSTALLATION Figure 4.3: The Buttons: Basic tab of the Joystick & Equipment menu, with a button set to Toggle brakes regular effort [Full size →] 4.6.5 Controlling Joystick Sensitivity and Aircraft Stability To modify the joystick’s sensitivity or the stability of the aircraft, open the Nullzone tab at the top of the Joystick & Equipment screen. The three sliders in the upper right of this window control the response curves for the pitch, roll, and yaw axes of the joystick. If these sliders are set all the way to the left, the aircraft’s response to that axis’ input will be completely linear. This means that a 50% deflection of the joystick will deflect the airplane’s flight controls 50% of their travel. As these sliders are moved to the right the response becomes curved. In this case, a deflection of the joystick from center to its halfway point may only deflect the aircraft’s controls by 10%. This will dampen any aircraft movements and desensitize the user’s controls. Keep in mind, however, that in this case, the remaining 90% of the control surface deflection must take place in the last 50% of joystick movement. Thus, the controls will be dampened for the first half or so of their travel and then become hyper-sensitive for the remainder of their throw. This gives the user plenty of fine-tune control near the center of the flight control envelope to hold altitude and roll precisely, but still allows for full control authority at the extremes. Try flying with the sliders in various different positions to see what setting works best. In the upper left portion of the Nullzone screen is another set of sliders, labeled “stability augmentation.” These control X-Plane’s stability augmentation by damping the predicted forces acting on the aircraft’s flight control surfaces. If these sliders are all the way to the left, then there is no stability augmentation of the aircraft. As the sliders are moved to the right, X-Plane will automatically add some stability augmentation to the aircraft, adding some elevator input to level
4.7. CONFIGURING KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS 33 the nose, some aileron input to minimize the roll rate, and some rudder input to counter any aircraft yaw rates. In other words, the simulator will try to make the plane easier to fly by adding control inputs for the user. The downside, of course, is that as X-Plane adds stability, the aircraft becomes less responsive (and less realistic). 4.6.6 Setting Null Zones Null zones determine how much the joystick must be moved before X-Plane actually starts to take action. A null zone may be set for each joystick axis to fine-tune how responsive the control surface inputs are, but this function is typically used to prevent hardware from “creeping” in flight or to ignore the constant jittering that many older controllers will send to X-Plane. To set a null zone, first open the Nullzone tab of the Joystick & Equipment window. Now drag the nullzone slider (found in the lower half of the window) to the desired position; the higher the percentage, the larger the “dead zone” that does not affect the aircraft’s controls will be in the joystick’s input. 4.6.7 Adding Special Equipment The final tab in the Joystick & Equipment window, labeled Equipment, is used to set up special equipment for use in X-Plane. This tab is generally used on multi-computer X-Plane configurations in professional, FAA-certified simulators or to tie in various GPS navigators (such as a real Garmin 96/296/396 or a 430 GPS radio). After being connected to the computer, this equipment should be set up per the manufacturer’s recommendations, then checked off on the Equipment screen to tell X-Plane that it is connected. 4.7 Configuring Keyboard Shortcuts X-Plane has been designed to be both extremely flexible and easily usable. For this reason, most of the keys on the keyboard do something. To see which keys are tied to which functions, first open the Joystick & Equipment dialog box by moving the mouse to the top of the screen, clicking Settings, and clicking Joystick & Equipment. There, select the Keys tab. In the Keys tab, you can look at the functions assigned to the keys of the keyboard. There are two ways to change a key’s function here. The window has each key of the keyboard represented by a rectangular button (found on the far left of the screen), and it has that button’s function to the right of it. One way to program a key is to click one of the square buttons in the left-hand pane and select the function (found in the left-hand pane) that the key should control. Functions are classified into a number of categories (operation, engines, ignition, etc.), found in the middle pane of this window. The functions themselves are found in the right pane of the window. Click on the radio button (that is, the small, circular button) beside the category you’re looking for, then click the radio button next to the function itself. Alternatively, click the Add New Key Assignment button found in the bottom center of the window. This will add a new gray button at the bottom of the left-hand pane, labeled NONE. Click this button and press the key you would like to program. Next, find the function you’re looking for in the right-hand pane of the window and select it. Note that it is not necessary to try and remember all of the keyboard shortcuts. Instead, many of them are shown in the menus when flying. For example, while in flight, move the mouse to the top of the screen and click the View menu to see each view (listed on the left) and the keyboard
Page 1: U L T R A -R E A L IS T IC F L IG H
Page 4 and 5: iv ABOUT THIS MANUAL
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Page 10 and 11: x CONTENTS B Troubleshooting X-Plan
Page 12 and 13: 2 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE instrume
Page 14 and 15: 4 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE software
Page 16 and 17: 6 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE Aerospac
Page 18 and 19: 8 CHAPTER 1. ABOUT X-PLANE
Page 20 and 21: 10 CHAPTER 2. QUICK START GUIDE 2.
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Page 28 and 29: 18 CHAPTER 3. PREPARATION AND INSTA
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100 CHAPTER 8. SPECIAL SITUATIONS I
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112 APPENDIX A. AIRFOIL MAKER SUPPL
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126 APPENDIX B. TROUBLESHOOTING X-P
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132 APPENDIX C. TECH SUPPORT
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134 APPENDIX D. HOW TO FILE A BUG R
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136 APPENDIX D. HOW TO FILE A BUG R
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138 APPENDIX E. COMMISSIONING CUSTO
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140 APPENDIX F. WATER WORLD
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142 APPENDIX G. DATA OUTPUT FROM X-
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166 INDEX OF MENU ITEMS Location Re
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168 INDEX OF MENU ITEMS
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170 GLOSSARY Figure G.1: The flight
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172 GLOSSARY Distance Measuring Equ
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174 GLOSSARY Speed: The change in t
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