SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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Quality primary education mitigates the risk of illiteracy CLOSING IN ON UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION Asia-Pacific has made significant progress towards universal primary education—enrolling approximately 91 percent of children aged 5 to 12 in 2013, comparable to levels in North America, but beneath those in Europe. Net enrolment rates ranged from close to 88 percent in the Pacific to 97 percent in East Asia. South Asia, which had enrolment rates of 78 percent in 1999, had almost achieved universality by 2013 (Table 3.2). Though both East Asia and South-east Asia have seen little progress since 2000, they were already close to universality. Only a few countries remain below 90 percent: Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. 11 Globally, improvements in gender parity have been substantial (Table 3.2). 12 Among all regions, only the Pacific small island developing states, the Arab States and sub-Saharan Africa have yet to achieve parity, but they too have registered significant progress since 1999. More than 20 Asia-Pacific countries in the region had reached gender parity by 2013. 13 Only Afghanistan, with a net enrolment rate for girls of 64 percent, 14 and Pakistan of 66 percent 15 still have large gender gaps. Once children are enrolled in primary school, an additional challenge is to keep them there. Globally, the number of children without primary education fell by almost half in the last decade. In 1999, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa accounted for three-quarters of the world’s out-of-school population of 106 million. Since then, South Asia has achieved the fastest decline of all regions, cutting by more than half the number out of school. 16 Nonetheless, more than 10 million children in South Asia and 17 million children across Asia-Pacific are still not in primary school. While 98 percent of children in East Asia complete primary school, only 64 percent do in South Asia, and 51 percent in Pacific small island developing countries (Table 3.3). Reasons for leaving school can include pressure to work in impoverished families or a perception that schools are poor in quality and limited in relevance. A high risk of illiteracy is one of many damaging consequences. Apart from education being accessible, the quality at all levels is also crucial, as some pol- TABLE 3.2: All regions have reached or are close to achieving universal primary education 86 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2015. Note: The adjusted enrolment rate includes primary school age students who have reached secondary education earlier due to promotion or other reasons.
icy makers have now recognized. For example, India’s 12th Five Year Plan report notes, “Poor quality of education resulting in weak learning outcomes at each stage of education is the central challenge facing the Indian education sector today.” 17 Around half of children in India reach the end of primary school without being able to read at an appropriate level or solve simple math problems. 18 These deficits have occurred despite improvements in the reach of educational systems. In rural areas, poor quality has promoted an increase in the enrolment of children aged 6-14 in private schools, from 18.7 percent in 2006 to 29 percent in 2013. 19 Parents who can afford it typically move their children to private schools. 20 SECONDARY SCHOOL OPENS OPTIONS, BUT IS NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE Primary school is only a first step towards an education that equips young people to successfully live and work, and break the cycle of poverty otherwise transmitted across generations. Secondary education offers a bridge to further learning and more options for employment. It increases skills and capacities to compete in a globalized world. With nearly universal primary education in Asia-Pacific, the number of children seeking secondary education has increased in recent years. Many countries now face a twin challenge of both achieving and sustaining universal primary education, and scaling up enrolment in secondary school. Secondary education has expanded rapidly in recent years in Asia-Pacific, as in other world regions. Globally, the gross enrolment ratio had reached 75 percent by 2013, up from 59 percent in 1999. Progress was somewhat faster in East Asia and South Asia, albeit with the rate of expansion greater for lower secondary education, for students aged 12 to 14, than for overall secondary education. At 100 percent and TABLE 3.3: Despite progress, millions of children still do not complete primary school Many countries now face a twin challenge of sustaining universal primary education and scaling up secondary schooling Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2015. 87
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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FOREWORD We live in times of great
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Asia-Pacific H
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Table of Contents Foreword iii Pref
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1.15 Population age-composition is
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Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank
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Overview SHAPING THE FUTURE: HOW CH
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA-PACIFIC:
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FIGURE 2: Wealthier countries tend
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a strong emphasis on protecting wor
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could provide job matching assistan
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Asia-Pacific leave the workforce at
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WHAT’S AHEAD IN THIS REPORT This
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Chapter 1 HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS
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sustainable, reaching everyone whil
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FIGURE 1.1: The Human Development I
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TABLE 1.1: Asia-Pacific still has l
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married couples to have children, a
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FIGURE 1.5: Population pyramids in
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FIGURE 1.8: The median age is high
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FIGURE 1.10: Disparities in fertili
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Improved overall human development
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TABLE 1.5: Countries in Asia-Pacifi
Page 50 and 51: “When relatively large generation
Page 52 and 53: 38 Having fewer dependents on worki
Page 54 and 55: 40 In developed Asia- Pacific, the
Page 56 and 57: TABLE 1.6: Demographic dividends fl
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Page 61 and 62: 2. MORE PEOPLE AT WORK: THE FOUNDAT
Page 63 and 64: encouraged labour-intensive industr
Page 65 and 66: FIGURE 2.3: Peaks within subregions
Page 67 and 68: A DEMOGRAPHIC RETURN FOR HUMAN DEVE
Page 69 and 70: BOX 2.1: Women bear a larger burden
Page 71 and 72: FIGURE 2.8: Growth in labour produc
Page 73 and 74: WHAT’S BEEN LEARNED IN CHINA, JAP
Page 75 and 76: FIGURE 2.13: Japan is past its work
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 2.15: Thailand still has tim
Page 79 and 80: make this a key aim of national dev
Page 81 and 82: investment climate, as well as enco
Page 83 and 84: TABLE 2.4: Shares of workers in the
Page 85 and 86: Even before leaving home, migrant w
Page 87 and 88: Promote health and safety at work:
Page 89 and 90: BOX 2.8: Malaysia transforms an ind
Page 91 and 92: of resilient infrastructure are joi
Page 93: Chapter 3 NURTURING CHILDREN, UNLOC
Page 96 and 97: Asia-Pacific is home to 1.7 billion
Page 98 and 99: Commendable progress in education m
Page 102 and 103: In most Asia-Pacific countries, sec
Page 104 and 105: Strong tertiary education is a buil
Page 106 and 107: FIGURE 3.3: Access to tertiary educ
Page 108 and 109: 94 TABLE 3.9: Youth illiteracy has
Page 110 and 111: TABLE 3.11: Child mortality rates b
Page 112 and 113: BOX 3.7: Malnutrition and disabilit
Page 114 and 115: Despite social and economic progres
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 3.8: The share of youth who
Page 118 and 119: 104 Young migrants are highly vulne
Page 120 and 121: as an important challenge. But they
Page 122 and 123: TABLE 3.15: Some countries with lar
Page 124 and 125: Immunization saves children’s liv
Page 126 and 127: BOX 3.10: Germany’s vocational tr
Page 128 and 129: BOX 3.12: Partnering with youth in
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Page 133 and 134: 4. AGEING SOCIETIES: NEW OPPORTUNIT
Page 135 and 136: FIGURE 4.1: Asia-Pacific is one of
Page 137 and 138: TABLE 4.1: East Asia is the oldest
Page 139 and 140: BOX 4.2: Responses to poverty among
Page 141 and 142: BOX 4.3: A plan of action for older
Page 143 and 144: FIGURE 4.9: Per capita health-care
Page 145 and 146: BOX 4.5: China moves towards univer
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 4.3: Social pensions are an i
Page 149 and 150: FIGURE 4.12: Pension replacement ra
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BOX 4.7: Increasing links between p
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cupy space in some public buildings
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ment bodies, encourage regular inte
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BOX 4.9: Ageing countries begin enc
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help coordinate the work of other g
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for older people. Many advanced cou
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action. Free public transport, and
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Chapter 5 TAPPING THE HUMAN DYNAMIS
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In the last 30 years, Asia-Pacific
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FIGURE 5.3: Even countries with few
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FIGURE 5.6: Most people will contin
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160 Social, cultural and economic i
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The benefits of urbanization have n
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BOX 5.2: Pioneering urban poverty r
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vehicles on the road. Beijing issue
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Municipal governments in Asia-Pacif
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TABLE 5.4: Revenue mobilization opt
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172 City governments need to have t
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Investing in essential infrastructu
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176 in East Asian cities, and occur
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BOX 5.9: The Republic of Korea emba
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180
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6. AN AGENDA FOR ACTION: SHAPING TH
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Development Report argues, decent w
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with ministries overseeing youth, e
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This is an urgent priority in a reg
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SUSTAINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS
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plan automatically enrols people in
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BOX 6.3: Developing Delhi’s metro
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End Notes CHAPTER 1 1. UNFPA 2014b.
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63. WHO 2014b. 64. UNFPA 2012. 65.
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produces 40 percent of total econom
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206 The Asia Foundation. 2013. “T
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208 CODI (Community Organizations D
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210 Global Migration Group. 2014.
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212 Janwani. 2010. “Annual Report
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214 ———. 2012a. OECD Employme
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216 ———. 2011. “Follow-up t
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218 York. [www.unfpa.org/sites/defa
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———. 2012c. Malaysia Economic
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tables include the Caribbean countr
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224
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TABLE 2: Trends in the Human Develo
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TABLE 4: Gender Inequality Index 22
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TABLE 6: Trends in income poverty,
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TABLE 8: Fertility rate and crude d
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TABLE 10: Trends and share of child
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TABLE 12: Trends and share of young
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TABLE 14: Trends and share of older
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TABLE 16: Education indicators and
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TABLE 17: Health indicators 242
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TABLE 18: Employment and unemployme
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TABLE 19: International trade, fina
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ABOUT ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
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SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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