SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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TABLES 1.1 Asia-Pacific still has large proportions of its population living in multidimensional poverty 22 1.2 Top 15 countries with the highest and lowest fertility rates, 2010-2015 30 1.3 Fertility rates are generally lower in urban areas, with variations 30 1.4 For most countries, fertility rates will continue on a downward path 30 1.5 Countries in Asia-Pacific tend to lose people through migration 34 1.6 Demographic dividends fluctuate over time, but add up to a powerful impact on growth (%) 42 1.7 Demographic dividends will continue to pay off in the coming decades (%) 42 2.1 Some countries have passed their peak in working-age people, while others have decades to go 50 2.2 Changes in the sizes of working-age populations between 2015-2030 and 2030-2050 52 2.3 Falling fertility has led to more spending on education and health 56 2.4 Shares of workers in the informal economy are still large in some countries 69 2.5 Vulnerable employment is most pervasive in South Asia 69 3.1 Progress on pre-primary education has been mixed 85 3.2 All regions have reached or are close to achieving universal primary education 86 3.3 Despite progress, millions of children still do not complete primary school 87 3.4 Enrolment in secondary education has seen a rapid raise 88 3.5 Asia-Pacific accounts for much of the increased number of students in secondary school 88 3.6 The number of adolescents not in secondary school has fallen, but South Asia still has a large share 89 3.7 Enrolment in tertiary education in Asia-Pacific has grown faster than in any other region 91 3.8 Less than a third of potential students have access to tertiary education 91 3.9 Youth illiteracy has fallen but affects a quarter of young people 94 3.10 All world regions have made significant progress on literacy rates 94 3.11 Child mortality rates by socio-economic and geographic factors, selected countries and years 96 3.12 Regionally and globally, fewer youth are in the workforce 101 3.13 Regions have wide gaps in vocational enrolment 103 3.14 International migrants tend to be young 104 3.15 Some young countries still invest relatively little in education (%) 108 4.1 East Asia is the oldest region and South Asia the youngest 123 4.2 Most countries in Asia-Pacific have contributory pension schemes 132 4.3 Social pensions are an important way to extend access, but most are still limited in their support 133 4.4 A number of countries have initiated national ageing surveys to guide policy choices 141 4.5 Fiscal support ratios of some Asia-Pacific countries 142 5.1 Cities attract young and working-age people, making them key to the demographic dividend 158 5.B1 Development and demographic trends in Korea, Indonesia, and Nepal 159 5.2 In South Asia, the share of urban poor has fallen, but their numbers have risen 163 5.3 Most countries have multiple tiers of government 168 5.4 Revenue mobilization options vary considerably for the region’s major cities 170 6.1 National laws, policies and actions on ageing in Asia-Pacific 190 x
Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ASEAN+3 Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus China, Japan and Republic of Korea BFC Better Factories Cambodia DMRC Delhi Metro Rail Corporation EIU The Economist Intelligence Unit FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDI Gender-related Development Index GDP Gross domestic product GII Gender Inequality Index HDI Human Development Index HIV Human immunodeficiency virus IDS Institute of Development Studies IHDI Inequality adjusted Human Development Index ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Money Fund IOM International Organization for Migration MDG Millennium Development Goal MPI Multidimensional Poverty Index NGO Non-Governmental Organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PISA Programme for International Student Assessment PPP Purchasing power parity SAR Special Administrative Region SDG Sustainable Development Goal UN DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical Vocational Education and Training UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WHO World Health Organization WIEGO Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing xi
Page 1 and 2: ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
Page 3 and 4: ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD We live in times of great
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Asia-Pacific H
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents Foreword iii Pref
Page 11: 1.15 Population age-composition is
Page 15 and 16: Overview SHAPING THE FUTURE: HOW CH
Page 17 and 18: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA-PACIFIC:
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE 2: Wealthier countries tend
Page 21 and 22: a strong emphasis on protecting wor
Page 23 and 24: could provide job matching assistan
Page 25 and 26: Asia-Pacific leave the workforce at
Page 27 and 28: WHAT’S AHEAD IN THIS REPORT This
Page 29: Chapter 1 HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS
Page 32 and 33: sustainable, reaching everyone whil
Page 34 and 35: FIGURE 1.1: The Human Development I
Page 36 and 37: TABLE 1.1: Asia-Pacific still has l
Page 38 and 39: married couples to have children, a
Page 40 and 41: FIGURE 1.5: Population pyramids in
Page 42 and 43: FIGURE 1.8: The median age is high
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1.10: Disparities in fertili
Page 46 and 47: Improved overall human development
Page 48 and 49: TABLE 1.5: Countries in Asia-Pacifi
Page 50 and 51: “When relatively large generation
Page 52 and 53: 38 Having fewer dependents on worki
Page 54 and 55: 40 In developed Asia- Pacific, the
Page 56 and 57: TABLE 1.6: Demographic dividends fl
Page 58 and 59: 44
Page 61 and 62: 2. MORE PEOPLE AT WORK: THE FOUNDAT
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encouraged labour-intensive industr
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FIGURE 2.3: Peaks within subregions
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A DEMOGRAPHIC RETURN FOR HUMAN DEVE
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BOX 2.1: Women bear a larger burden
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FIGURE 2.8: Growth in labour produc
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WHAT’S BEEN LEARNED IN CHINA, JAP
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FIGURE 2.13: Japan is past its work
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FIGURE 2.15: Thailand still has tim
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make this a key aim of national dev
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investment climate, as well as enco
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TABLE 2.4: Shares of workers in the
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Even before leaving home, migrant w
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Promote health and safety at work:
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BOX 2.8: Malaysia transforms an ind
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of resilient infrastructure are joi
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Chapter 3 NURTURING CHILDREN, UNLOC
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Asia-Pacific is home to 1.7 billion
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Commendable progress in education m
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Quality primary education mitigates
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In most Asia-Pacific countries, sec
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Strong tertiary education is a buil
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FIGURE 3.3: Access to tertiary educ
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94 TABLE 3.9: Youth illiteracy has
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TABLE 3.11: Child mortality rates b
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BOX 3.7: Malnutrition and disabilit
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Despite social and economic progres
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FIGURE 3.8: The share of youth who
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104 Young migrants are highly vulne
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as an important challenge. But they
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TABLE 3.15: Some countries with lar
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Immunization saves children’s liv
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BOX 3.10: Germany’s vocational tr
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BOX 3.12: Partnering with youth in
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116
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4. AGEING SOCIETIES: NEW OPPORTUNIT
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FIGURE 4.1: Asia-Pacific is one of
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TABLE 4.1: East Asia is the oldest
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BOX 4.2: Responses to poverty among
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BOX 4.3: A plan of action for older
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FIGURE 4.9: Per capita health-care
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BOX 4.5: China moves towards univer
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TABLE 4.3: Social pensions are an i
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FIGURE 4.12: Pension replacement ra
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BOX 4.7: Increasing links between p
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cupy space in some public buildings
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ment bodies, encourage regular inte
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BOX 4.9: Ageing countries begin enc
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help coordinate the work of other g
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for older people. Many advanced cou
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action. Free public transport, and
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Chapter 5 TAPPING THE HUMAN DYNAMIS
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In the last 30 years, Asia-Pacific
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FIGURE 5.3: Even countries with few
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FIGURE 5.6: Most people will contin
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160 Social, cultural and economic i
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The benefits of urbanization have n
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BOX 5.2: Pioneering urban poverty r
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vehicles on the road. Beijing issue
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Municipal governments in Asia-Pacif
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TABLE 5.4: Revenue mobilization opt
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172 City governments need to have t
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Investing in essential infrastructu
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176 in East Asian cities, and occur
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BOX 5.9: The Republic of Korea emba
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180
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6. AN AGENDA FOR ACTION: SHAPING TH
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Development Report argues, decent w
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with ministries overseeing youth, e
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This is an urgent priority in a reg
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SUSTAINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS
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plan automatically enrols people in
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BOX 6.3: Developing Delhi’s metro
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End Notes CHAPTER 1 1. UNFPA 2014b.
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63. WHO 2014b. 64. UNFPA 2012. 65.
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produces 40 percent of total econom
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206 The Asia Foundation. 2013. “T
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208 CODI (Community Organizations D
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210 Global Migration Group. 2014.
Page 226 and 227:
212 Janwani. 2010. “Annual Report
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214 ———. 2012a. OECD Employme
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216 ———. 2011. “Follow-up t
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218 York. [www.unfpa.org/sites/defa
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———. 2012c. Malaysia Economic
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tables include the Caribbean countr
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224
Page 240 and 241:
TABLE 2: Trends in the Human Develo
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TABLE 4: Gender Inequality Index 22
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TABLE 6: Trends in income poverty,
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TABLE 8: Fertility rate and crude d
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TABLE 10: Trends and share of child
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TABLE 12: Trends and share of young
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TABLE 14: Trends and share of older
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TABLE 16: Education indicators and
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TABLE 17: Health indicators 242
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TABLE 18: Employment and unemployme
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TABLE 19: International trade, fina
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ABOUT ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
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SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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