SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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tables include the Caribbean countries unless otherwise indicated. References to Sub-Saharan Africa include South Africa unless otherwise indicated. KEY DATA SOURCES Data in the report are derived from several key databases as listed below. Demographic data Data on demographics were obtained from the World Population Prospects projections of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The latest data come from the 2015 revisions. For projections beyond 2015, the medium variant on fertility is used according to which global fertility is projected to fall from 2.5 children per woman in 2010 to 2015 to 2.4 in 2025 to 2030 and 2.0 in 2095 to 2100. The report refers to five age groups. Children, youth and young are defined as aged 0 to 14, 15 to 24, and 0-24 respectively. Different countries and institutions use different definitions. For comparability, this report uses the UN definition. The categorization of working-age people also varies across countries and regions depending on the approximate age of entry to and exit from the workforce. The report generally applies the parameters of ages 15 to 64. Age 60 and beyond denotes older adults. Cultural Organization’s Institute of Statistics online database, available at www.uis.unesco. org/DataCentre/. Data on health are from the World Health Organization. Data on urbanization Data on urbanization are from the World Urbanization Prospects database of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The latest data are from the 2014 database. They include data on urbanization rates; rural-urban distribution of population; small, medium and megacities; and age composition. Data on the Human Development Index and other development indicators Data on human development were obtained from the 2014 dataset produced by UNDP’s Human Development Report Office for its 2015 Human Development Report. Annex tables include data from the Human Development Index, Gender Development Index, multidimensional poverty measures and indices adjusted for inequality. Throughout the report, numerous development indicators come from a variety of other sources including the World Bank’s World Development Indicators database and the Millennium Development Goals database. Data on labour markets Extensive data on labor markets are used to understand the employment and occupations of working-age people in the region. Data on employment, labour force participation, unemployment, labour productivity, sectoral decomposition of employment and wages were obtained from the ILO’s Key Indicators for the Labor Market database, 8th edition. Limited data are available on underemployment and informal sector employment; these were obtained from specific ILO publications. 222 Data on education and health Data on education come predominantly from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Statistical Annex TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Human Development Index and Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index 2 Trends in the Human Development Index, 1990-2014 3 Gender Development Index 4 Gender Inequality Index 5 Multidimensional Poverty Index 6 Trends in income poverty, 1987-2014 7 Total population and growth change 8 Fertility rate and crude death rate 9 Median age of the population and dependency rate 10 Trends and share of child population, 1950-2050 11 Trends and share of youth population, 1950-2050 12 Trends and share of young population, 1950-2050 13 Trends and share of working-age population, 1950-2050 14 Trends and share of elderly population, 1950-2050 15 Trends and share of urban population, 1950-2050 16 Education indicators and enrolment ratio 17 Health indicators 18 Employment and unemployment indicators 19 International trade, finance and labour flows 223
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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FOREWORD We live in times of great
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Asia-Pacific H
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Table of Contents Foreword iii Pref
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1.15 Population age-composition is
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Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank
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Overview SHAPING THE FUTURE: HOW CH
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA-PACIFIC:
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FIGURE 2: Wealthier countries tend
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a strong emphasis on protecting wor
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could provide job matching assistan
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Asia-Pacific leave the workforce at
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WHAT’S AHEAD IN THIS REPORT This
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Chapter 1 HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS
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sustainable, reaching everyone whil
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FIGURE 1.1: The Human Development I
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TABLE 1.1: Asia-Pacific still has l
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married couples to have children, a
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FIGURE 1.5: Population pyramids in
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FIGURE 1.8: The median age is high
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FIGURE 1.10: Disparities in fertili
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Improved overall human development
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TABLE 1.5: Countries in Asia-Pacifi
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“When relatively large generation
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38 Having fewer dependents on worki
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40 In developed Asia- Pacific, the
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TABLE 1.6: Demographic dividends fl
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44
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2. MORE PEOPLE AT WORK: THE FOUNDAT
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encouraged labour-intensive industr
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FIGURE 2.3: Peaks within subregions
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A DEMOGRAPHIC RETURN FOR HUMAN DEVE
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BOX 2.1: Women bear a larger burden
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FIGURE 2.8: Growth in labour produc
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WHAT’S BEEN LEARNED IN CHINA, JAP
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FIGURE 2.13: Japan is past its work
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FIGURE 2.15: Thailand still has tim
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make this a key aim of national dev
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investment climate, as well as enco
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TABLE 2.4: Shares of workers in the
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Even before leaving home, migrant w
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Promote health and safety at work:
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BOX 2.8: Malaysia transforms an ind
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of resilient infrastructure are joi
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Chapter 3 NURTURING CHILDREN, UNLOC
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Asia-Pacific is home to 1.7 billion
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Commendable progress in education m
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Quality primary education mitigates
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In most Asia-Pacific countries, sec
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Strong tertiary education is a buil
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FIGURE 3.3: Access to tertiary educ
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94 TABLE 3.9: Youth illiteracy has
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TABLE 3.11: Child mortality rates b
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BOX 3.7: Malnutrition and disabilit
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Despite social and economic progres
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FIGURE 3.8: The share of youth who
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104 Young migrants are highly vulne
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as an important challenge. But they
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TABLE 3.15: Some countries with lar
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Immunization saves children’s liv
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BOX 3.10: Germany’s vocational tr
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BOX 3.12: Partnering with youth in
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116
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4. AGEING SOCIETIES: NEW OPPORTUNIT
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FIGURE 4.1: Asia-Pacific is one of
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TABLE 4.1: East Asia is the oldest
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BOX 4.2: Responses to poverty among
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BOX 4.3: A plan of action for older
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FIGURE 4.9: Per capita health-care
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BOX 4.5: China moves towards univer
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TABLE 4.3: Social pensions are an i
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FIGURE 4.12: Pension replacement ra
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BOX 4.7: Increasing links between p
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cupy space in some public buildings
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ment bodies, encourage regular inte
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BOX 4.9: Ageing countries begin enc
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help coordinate the work of other g
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for older people. Many advanced cou
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action. Free public transport, and
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Chapter 5 TAPPING THE HUMAN DYNAMIS
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In the last 30 years, Asia-Pacific
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FIGURE 5.3: Even countries with few
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FIGURE 5.6: Most people will contin
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160 Social, cultural and economic i
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The benefits of urbanization have n
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BOX 5.2: Pioneering urban poverty r
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vehicles on the road. Beijing issue
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Municipal governments in Asia-Pacif
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TABLE 5.4: Revenue mobilization opt
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Page 197 and 198: 6. AN AGENDA FOR ACTION: SHAPING TH
Page 199 and 200: Development Report argues, decent w
Page 201 and 202: with ministries overseeing youth, e
Page 203 and 204: This is an urgent priority in a reg
Page 205 and 206: SUSTAINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS
Page 207 and 208: plan automatically enrols people in
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Page 213 and 214: End Notes CHAPTER 1 1. UNFPA 2014b.
Page 215 and 216: 63. WHO 2014b. 64. UNFPA 2012. 65.
Page 217: produces 40 percent of total econom
Page 220 and 221: 206 The Asia Foundation. 2013. “T
Page 222 and 223: 208 CODI (Community Organizations D
Page 224 and 225: 210 Global Migration Group. 2014.
Page 226 and 227: 212 Janwani. 2010. “Annual Report
Page 228 and 229: 214 ———. 2012a. OECD Employme
Page 230 and 231: 216 ———. 2011. “Follow-up t
Page 232 and 233: 218 York. [www.unfpa.org/sites/defa
Page 234 and 235: ———. 2012c. Malaysia Economic
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Page 240 and 241: TABLE 2: Trends in the Human Develo
Page 242 and 243: TABLE 4: Gender Inequality Index 22
Page 244 and 245: TABLE 6: Trends in income poverty,
Page 246 and 247: TABLE 8: Fertility rate and crude d
Page 248 and 249: TABLE 10: Trends and share of child
Page 250 and 251: TABLE 12: Trends and share of young
Page 252 and 253: TABLE 14: Trends and share of older
Page 254 and 255: TABLE 16: Education indicators and
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 17: Health indicators 242
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 18: Employment and unemployme
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 19: International trade, fina
Page 263 and 264: ABOUT ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
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SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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