SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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Bibliography Abrahamson, P., and C. Webner. 2003. “Pension Reforms in Denmark.” LSE, London. [www.lse.ac.uk/ europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/ pdf/pensions_conference/AbrahamsonWehner-Pensions.pdf]. ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2005. Key Indicators of Asian and Pacific Countries. Manila. [www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-developing-asian-and-pacific-countries-2005]. ———. 2008. Asian Development Outlook 2008. Manila. [www.adb.org/publications/asian-development-outlook-2008-workers-asia]. ———. 2009. Infrastructure for a Seamless Asia. Manila. [http://adb.org/sites/default/files/ pub/2009/2009.08.31.book.infrastructure.seamless. asia.pdf]. ———. 2011a. Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century. Manila. [www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28608/asia2050-executive-summary.pdf]. ———. 2011b. Higher Education across Asia: An Overview of Issues and Strategies. Manila. [www. adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29407/higher-education-across-asia.pdf]. ———. 2012a. The Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement Project in Bangladesh. Manila. [www.adb.org/publications/urban-governance-and-infrastructure-improvement-project-bangladesh-sharing-knowledge]. ———. 2012b. “Private Higher Education Across Asia: Expanding Access, Searching for Quality.” Manila. [www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29869/ private-higher-education-across-asia.pdf]. ———. 2012c. Global Crisis, Remittance and Poverty in Asia. Manila. [www.adb.org/sites/default/files/ publication/29831/global-crisis-asia.pdf]. ———. 2014a. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014. Manila. [www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and-pacific-2014]. ———. 2014b. Asian Economic Outlook 2014 Update: Fiscal Policy for Inclusive Growth. Manila. [www. adb.org/publications/asian-development-outlook-2014-fiscal-policy-inclusive-growth]. ———. 2014c. Asia SME Finance Monitor 2013. Manila. [www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/173205/asia-sme-finance-monitor2014.pdf]. ———. 2014d. Labor Migration, Skills & Student Mobility in Asia. Manila. [www.oecd.org/migration/ Labour-migration-skills-student-mobility-in-Asia.pdf]. ———. 2014e. Urban Poverty in Asia. Manila. [www. adb.org/publications/urban-poverty-asia]. ———. 2015a. Asian Development Outlook 2015: Financing Asia’s Future Growth. Manila. [www. adb.org/publications/asian-development-outlook-2015-financing-asias-future-growth]. ———. 2015b. Making Money Work: Financing a Sustainable Future in Asia and the Pacific. Manila. [www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/158432/making-money-work-main-report.pdf]. Agnew, J. 2013. “Australia’s Retirement System: Strengths, Weaknesses and Reforms.” Center for Retirement Research, Boston College. [http://crr. bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/IB_13-5-508. pdf]. Ahmad, R., and E. T. Weiser. 2006. “Fostering Public Participation in Budget Making: Case Studies from Indonesia, The Marshall Islands, and Pakistan.” ADB and Asia Foundation, Manila. [https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/fosteringpublicparticipation.pdf]. Aiyar, S., and A. Mody. 2011. “The Demographic Dividend: Evidence from the Indian States.” Working Paper 11/38. IMF, Paris. [www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1138.pdf]. Altbach, P. G., P. Reisberg and L. E. Rumbley. 2009. “Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution.” Prepared for the UNES- CO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education. Paris. [www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/ trends-global-higher-education-2009-world-conference-en.pdf]. Angel-Urdinola, D. F., A. Semlali and S. Brodman. 2010. “Non-Public Provision of Active Labor Market Programs in Arab-Mediterranean Countries: An Inventory of Youth Programs.” Discussion Paper 1005. World Bank, Washington, DC. [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/ Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Labor-Market-DP/1005.pdf]. Anriquez, G., and G. Bonomi. 2008. “Long-Term Farming and Rural Demographic Trends.” Background paper for the World Development Report 2008. Asher, M. G. 2012. “Social Pensions for the Elderly in Asia: Fiscal Cost and Financing Methods.” In S. W. Handayani and B. Babajanian, eds., Social Protection for Older Persons: Social Pensions in Asia. ADB, Manila. 205
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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FOREWORD We live in times of great
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Asia-Pacific H
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Table of Contents Foreword iii Pref
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1.15 Population age-composition is
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Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank
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Overview SHAPING THE FUTURE: HOW CH
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA-PACIFIC:
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FIGURE 2: Wealthier countries tend
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a strong emphasis on protecting wor
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could provide job matching assistan
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Asia-Pacific leave the workforce at
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WHAT’S AHEAD IN THIS REPORT This
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Chapter 1 HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS
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sustainable, reaching everyone whil
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FIGURE 1.1: The Human Development I
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TABLE 1.1: Asia-Pacific still has l
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married couples to have children, a
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FIGURE 1.5: Population pyramids in
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FIGURE 1.8: The median age is high
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FIGURE 1.10: Disparities in fertili
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Improved overall human development
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TABLE 1.5: Countries in Asia-Pacifi
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“When relatively large generation
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38 Having fewer dependents on worki
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40 In developed Asia- Pacific, the
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TABLE 1.6: Demographic dividends fl
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44
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2. MORE PEOPLE AT WORK: THE FOUNDAT
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encouraged labour-intensive industr
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FIGURE 2.3: Peaks within subregions
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A DEMOGRAPHIC RETURN FOR HUMAN DEVE
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BOX 2.1: Women bear a larger burden
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FIGURE 2.8: Growth in labour produc
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WHAT’S BEEN LEARNED IN CHINA, JAP
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FIGURE 2.13: Japan is past its work
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FIGURE 2.15: Thailand still has tim
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make this a key aim of national dev
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investment climate, as well as enco
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TABLE 2.4: Shares of workers in the
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Even before leaving home, migrant w
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Promote health and safety at work:
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BOX 2.8: Malaysia transforms an ind
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of resilient infrastructure are joi
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Chapter 3 NURTURING CHILDREN, UNLOC
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Asia-Pacific is home to 1.7 billion
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Commendable progress in education m
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Quality primary education mitigates
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In most Asia-Pacific countries, sec
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Strong tertiary education is a buil
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FIGURE 3.3: Access to tertiary educ
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94 TABLE 3.9: Youth illiteracy has
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TABLE 3.11: Child mortality rates b
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BOX 3.7: Malnutrition and disabilit
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Despite social and economic progres
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FIGURE 3.8: The share of youth who
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104 Young migrants are highly vulne
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as an important challenge. But they
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TABLE 3.15: Some countries with lar
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Immunization saves children’s liv
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BOX 3.10: Germany’s vocational tr
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BOX 3.12: Partnering with youth in
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116
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4. AGEING SOCIETIES: NEW OPPORTUNIT
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FIGURE 4.1: Asia-Pacific is one of
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TABLE 4.1: East Asia is the oldest
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BOX 4.2: Responses to poverty among
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BOX 4.3: A plan of action for older
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FIGURE 4.9: Per capita health-care
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BOX 4.5: China moves towards univer
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TABLE 4.3: Social pensions are an i
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FIGURE 4.12: Pension replacement ra
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BOX 4.7: Increasing links between p
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cupy space in some public buildings
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ment bodies, encourage regular inte
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BOX 4.9: Ageing countries begin enc
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help coordinate the work of other g
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for older people. Many advanced cou
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action. Free public transport, and
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Chapter 5 TAPPING THE HUMAN DYNAMIS
Page 168 and 169: In the last 30 years, Asia-Pacific
Page 170 and 171: FIGURE 5.3: Even countries with few
Page 172 and 173: FIGURE 5.6: Most people will contin
Page 174 and 175: 160 Social, cultural and economic i
Page 176 and 177: The benefits of urbanization have n
Page 178 and 179: BOX 5.2: Pioneering urban poverty r
Page 180 and 181: vehicles on the road. Beijing issue
Page 182 and 183: Municipal governments in Asia-Pacif
Page 184 and 185: TABLE 5.4: Revenue mobilization opt
Page 186 and 187: 172 City governments need to have t
Page 188 and 189: Investing in essential infrastructu
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Page 192 and 193: BOX 5.9: The Republic of Korea emba
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Page 197 and 198: 6. AN AGENDA FOR ACTION: SHAPING TH
Page 199 and 200: Development Report argues, decent w
Page 201 and 202: with ministries overseeing youth, e
Page 203 and 204: This is an urgent priority in a reg
Page 205 and 206: SUSTAINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS
Page 207 and 208: plan automatically enrols people in
Page 209 and 210: BOX 6.3: Developing Delhi’s metro
Page 213 and 214: End Notes CHAPTER 1 1. UNFPA 2014b.
Page 215 and 216: 63. WHO 2014b. 64. UNFPA 2012. 65.
Page 217: produces 40 percent of total econom
Page 221 and 222: Bordone, V., and B. Arpino. 2016.
Page 223 and 224: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU).
Page 225 and 226: IDS (Institute of Development Studi
Page 227 and 228: Mason, A., and S. H. Lee. 2012. “
Page 229 and 230: Rao, M. R. 2004. From Population Co
Page 231 and 232: ———. 2015a. Human Development
Page 233 and 234: ff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/
Page 235 and 236: Readers’ guide COUNTRY GROUPINGS
Page 237 and 238: Statistical Annex TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 1: Human Development Index an
Page 241 and 242: TABLE 3: Gender Development Index S
Page 243 and 244: TABLE 5: Multidimensional Poverty I
Page 245 and 246: TABLE 7: Total population and growt
Page 247 and 248: TABLE 9: Median age of the populati
Page 249 and 250: TABLE 11: Trends and share of youth
Page 251 and 252: TABLE 13: Trends and share of worki
Page 253 and 254: TABLE 15: Trends and share of urban
Page 255 and 256: TABLE 16 (continued): Education ind
Page 257 and 258: TABLE 17 (continued): Health indica
Page 259 and 260: TABLE 18 (continued): Employment an
Page 261: TABLE 19: International trade, fina
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SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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