SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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BOX 3.12: Partnering with youth in public service delivery in the Philippines One key concern for youth is quality public service delivery. The Philippines’ well-known Check My School programme mobilizes youth volunteers to monitor and report on the resources and facilities of public schools in their local communities. Volunteers work with school administrations to collect a wide range of data, including on the number of teaching and non-teaching staff, instructional materials, computers, budgets and school donations. This information is stored in a publicly accessible database, increasing transparency and accountability. It also helps in planning and policy making, and in ascertaining school needs. Young Filipinos bring IT and data management skills to the programme, and manage the data platform through a web portal. Two factors underpin the programme’s effectiveness. First, the networks of the Affiliated Network for Social Accountability in East Asia and the Pacific (ANSA-EAP) and the Ateneo School of Government are used to mobilize youth from civil society organizations and youth groups, as well as socially active individuals. Youth who sign up are given leadership and other forms of training. Second, a significant degree of trust is created by providing youth with access to public documents about educational resources and procurement processes. A Memorandum of Agreement between the Department of Education and ANSA-EAP ensures that partners have access to all of the department’s public data, and establishes relationships with local school authorities. This facilitates data collection, but it also demonstrates political commitment to a cooperative relationship between the Government and youth. Launched in 2011, the programme has been so successful that it has attracted the attention of civil society organizations, international donors and other countries, including Indonesia, Kenya and Moldova, which have expressed interest in adopting the model. Youth offer unique perspectives; their involvement in policymaking should increase 114 Sources: Check my school 2016, World Bank 2012. Kibera project, local youth gathered the voices of poor community members living in Kenya’s largest slum. They mapped service provision by collecting data from businesses, health centres, clinics and schools, information that allowed numerous non-governmental organizations and government entities working in the areas to better plan and coordinate their interventions. In India, young people from labourers’ families were trained to conduct a social audit of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, a large public programme. The young auditors raised specific concerns about financial discrepancies, which led to the recovery of 19 million Indian rupees. The Check My School project in the Philippines is another example (Box 3.12). Bring youth into policy dialogues, especially on issues that affect them most. There is growing consensus that youth can help catalyse better governance overall, with countries increasingly engaging with them on key national topics. About half of Asia-Pacific countries have adopted national youth policies. More youth are also active in international dialogues, including around Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. International forums discuss integrating youth into mainstream decision-making, such as at the 2014 World Conference on Youth in Sri Lanka, which brought together governments, civil society, academia and youth organizations from over 30 countries. Youth involvement in public policy-making should increase, particularly in areas where young people are profoundly affected by the choices being made. One priority issue is migration, since in many countries, youth constitute the major group migrating for work. Those seeking low-skilled employment abroad face a host of challenges related to their rights and well-being. Youth should be involved in shaping policies and mechanisms that can safeguard their rights and safety. Similar issues apply to labour standards within countries, where young people make up a large share of workers in factories, the informal sector and various low-wage occupations.
<strong>THE</strong> RIGHT START IN LIFE Young people’s choices, capabilities and opportunities have profound impacts not only on their own lives, but also on their societies. While policy makers sometimes see young people as a ‘problem’ group, a large young population, where youth have the right chances to make their way in life, can catalyse enormous human development gains and the demographic dividend. Policy decisions can help or hamper this process. A positive childhood, adolescence and youth, with a high-quality education, good nutrition, sound health, ready access to decent employment and an empowered voice in decision-making, can set young people on a successful path. But if many youth end up struggling with little sense of hope for the future, their potential may be lost—an unjustifiable cost. Many Asia-Pacific countries are entering a demographic transition, where any dividend depends heavily on young people having the right capabilities and opportunities. This is a critical moment. Decisions made today—about and with youth—will determine the future for everyone. Countries making the right choices will derive tremendous benefits from the energy and idealism of the largest generation of young people in history. 115
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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FOREWORD We live in times of great
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Asia-Pacific H
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Table of Contents Foreword iii Pref
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1.15 Population age-composition is
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Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank
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Overview SHAPING THE FUTURE: HOW CH
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA-PACIFIC:
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FIGURE 2: Wealthier countries tend
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a strong emphasis on protecting wor
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could provide job matching assistan
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Asia-Pacific leave the workforce at
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WHAT’S AHEAD IN THIS REPORT This
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Chapter 1 HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS
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sustainable, reaching everyone whil
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FIGURE 1.1: The Human Development I
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TABLE 1.1: Asia-Pacific still has l
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married couples to have children, a
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FIGURE 1.5: Population pyramids in
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FIGURE 1.8: The median age is high
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FIGURE 1.10: Disparities in fertili
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Improved overall human development
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TABLE 1.5: Countries in Asia-Pacifi
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“When relatively large generation
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38 Having fewer dependents on worki
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40 In developed Asia- Pacific, the
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TABLE 1.6: Demographic dividends fl
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44
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2. MORE PEOPLE AT WORK: THE FOUNDAT
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encouraged labour-intensive industr
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FIGURE 2.3: Peaks within subregions
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A DEMOGRAPHIC RETURN FOR HUMAN DEVE
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BOX 2.1: Women bear a larger burden
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FIGURE 2.8: Growth in labour produc
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WHAT’S BEEN LEARNED IN CHINA, JAP
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FIGURE 2.13: Japan is past its work
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 2.15: Thailand still has tim
Page 79 and 80: make this a key aim of national dev
Page 81 and 82: investment climate, as well as enco
Page 83 and 84: TABLE 2.4: Shares of workers in the
Page 85 and 86: Even before leaving home, migrant w
Page 87 and 88: Promote health and safety at work:
Page 89 and 90: BOX 2.8: Malaysia transforms an ind
Page 91 and 92: of resilient infrastructure are joi
Page 93: Chapter 3 NURTURING CHILDREN, UNLOC
Page 96 and 97: Asia-Pacific is home to 1.7 billion
Page 98 and 99: Commendable progress in education m
Page 100 and 101: Quality primary education mitigates
Page 102 and 103: In most Asia-Pacific countries, sec
Page 104 and 105: Strong tertiary education is a buil
Page 106 and 107: FIGURE 3.3: Access to tertiary educ
Page 108 and 109: 94 TABLE 3.9: Youth illiteracy has
Page 110 and 111: TABLE 3.11: Child mortality rates b
Page 112 and 113: BOX 3.7: Malnutrition and disabilit
Page 114 and 115: Despite social and economic progres
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 3.8: The share of youth who
Page 118 and 119: 104 Young migrants are highly vulne
Page 120 and 121: as an important challenge. But they
Page 122 and 123: TABLE 3.15: Some countries with lar
Page 124 and 125: Immunization saves children’s liv
Page 126 and 127: BOX 3.10: Germany’s vocational tr
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Page 133 and 134: 4. AGEING SOCIETIES: NEW OPPORTUNIT
Page 135 and 136: FIGURE 4.1: Asia-Pacific is one of
Page 137 and 138: TABLE 4.1: East Asia is the oldest
Page 139 and 140: BOX 4.2: Responses to poverty among
Page 141 and 142: BOX 4.3: A plan of action for older
Page 143 and 144: FIGURE 4.9: Per capita health-care
Page 145 and 146: BOX 4.5: China moves towards univer
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 4.3: Social pensions are an i
Page 149 and 150: FIGURE 4.12: Pension replacement ra
Page 151 and 152: BOX 4.7: Increasing links between p
Page 153 and 154: cupy space in some public buildings
Page 155 and 156: ment bodies, encourage regular inte
Page 157 and 158: BOX 4.9: Ageing countries begin enc
Page 159 and 160: help coordinate the work of other g
Page 161 and 162: for older people. Many advanced cou
Page 163 and 164: action. Free public transport, and
Page 165: Chapter 5 TAPPING THE HUMAN DYNAMIS
Page 168 and 169: In the last 30 years, Asia-Pacific
Page 170 and 171: FIGURE 5.3: Even countries with few
Page 172 and 173: FIGURE 5.6: Most people will contin
Page 174 and 175: 160 Social, cultural and economic i
Page 176 and 177: The benefits of urbanization have n
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BOX 5.2: Pioneering urban poverty r
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vehicles on the road. Beijing issue
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Municipal governments in Asia-Pacif
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TABLE 5.4: Revenue mobilization opt
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172 City governments need to have t
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Investing in essential infrastructu
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176 in East Asian cities, and occur
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BOX 5.9: The Republic of Korea emba
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180
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6. AN AGENDA FOR ACTION: SHAPING TH
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Development Report argues, decent w
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with ministries overseeing youth, e
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This is an urgent priority in a reg
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SUSTAINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS
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plan automatically enrols people in
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BOX 6.3: Developing Delhi’s metro
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End Notes CHAPTER 1 1. UNFPA 2014b.
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63. WHO 2014b. 64. UNFPA 2012. 65.
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produces 40 percent of total econom
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206 The Asia Foundation. 2013. “T
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208 CODI (Community Organizations D
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210 Global Migration Group. 2014.
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212 Janwani. 2010. “Annual Report
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214 ———. 2012a. OECD Employme
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216 ———. 2011. “Follow-up t
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218 York. [www.unfpa.org/sites/defa
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———. 2012c. Malaysia Economic
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tables include the Caribbean countr
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TABLE 2: Trends in the Human Develo
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TABLE 4: Gender Inequality Index 22
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TABLE 6: Trends in income poverty,
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TABLE 8: Fertility rate and crude d
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TABLE 10: Trends and share of child
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TABLE 12: Trends and share of young
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TABLE 14: Trends and share of older
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TABLE 16: Education indicators and
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TABLE 17: Health indicators 242
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TABLE 18: Employment and unemployme
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TABLE 19: International trade, fina
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ABOUT ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
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