SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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———. 2012c. Malaysia Economic Monitor: Unlocking Women’s Potential. Washington, DC. [http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/2012/11/17017962/malaysia-economic-monitor-unlocking-womens-potential]. ———. 2013a. Capital for the Future: Saving and Investment in an Interdependent World. Washington, DC. [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTDEC- PROSPECTS/Resources/476882-1368197310537/ CapitalForTheFuture.pdf]. ———. 2013b. Global Monitoring Report 2013: Rural-Urban Dynamics and the Millennium Development Goals. Washington, DC. [http:// pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/public- doc/2015/9/961951442415876455/GMR-2013- Full-Report.pdf]. ———. 2013c. Crowdfunding’s Potential for the Developing World. Information for Development Programme. Washington, DC. [http://www.infodev. org/infodev-files/wb_crowdfundingreport-v12.pdf]. ———. 2014a. East Asia at Work: Employment, Enterprise and Well-being. Washington, DC. [www. worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/ EAP/region/east-asia-pacific-at-work-full-report.pdf]. ———. 2014b. Doing Business 2014. IFC, Washington, DC. [www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/ interview/2014/07-17-migration-asia-pacific.htm]. Last accessed 26 January 2016. ———. 2014c. Economic Opportunities for Women in the East Asia and Pacific Region. A. Ellis, D. Kirkwood and D. Malhotra, eds. Washington, DC. [http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978- 0-8213-8300-1]. ———. 2014d. “Migration and Remittances: Recent Developments and Outlook.” Washington, DC. [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROS- PECTS/Resources/334934-1288990760745/MigrationandDevelopmentBrief23.pdf]. World Bank. 2014e. “Economic Opportunities for Women in the East Asia and Pacific Region.” A. Ellis, D. Kirkwood and D. Malhotra, eds. [http://elibrary. worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-8300- 1]. Last accessed 26 January 2016 ———. 2015c. “Country Profile Indonesia.” Washington, DC. [http://data.worldbank.org/country/Indonesia]. Last accessed 17 February 2016. ———. 2015d. “Urban Development.” Washington, DC. [www.worldbank.org/urban]. Last accessed 14 January 2016. ———. 2015e. 2015 Human Development Statistical Tables. Washington, DC. [http://hdr.undp.org/en/ data]. Last accessed 14 January 2016. ———. 2016. Live Long and Prosper: Aging in East Asia and Pacific. Washington, DC. [https:// openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/23133/9781464804694.pdf]. World Bank and IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2015/2016. Global Monitoring Report: Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change. Washington, DC. [www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-monitoring-report]. World Economic Forum. 2013. The Global Competitiveness Report. Geneva. [www3.weforum.org/ docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14. pdf]. Young Germany. 2013. “The German Vocational Training System.” 18 July. [www.young-germany.de/ topic/study/courses-degrees/germanys-dual-vocational-education-system]. Last accessed 13 January 2016. Yuen, B. 2005. “Squatters No More: Singapore Social Housing.” World Bank 3rd Urban Research Symposium Proceedings, 4-6 April. Brasilia. [www. globalurban.org/GUDMag07Vol3Iss1/Yuen%20PDF. pdf]. ———. 2014. “Approaches to Urban Governance in Asia-Pacific.” Technical background paper for Asia-Pacific Human Development Report 2016. UNDP, New York. ———. 2015. “Housing for Older Population: Republic of Korea.” Lee Li Ming Programme on Ageing Urbanism. [https://lkycic.sutd.edu.sg/publications/ housing-for-older-population/]. Last accessed on 21 January 2016. ———. 2015a. World Development Indicators database. Washington, DC. [http://data.worldbank.org/ products/wdi]. Last accessed 22 January 2016. World Bank. 2014e. “Economic Opportunities for Women in the East Asia and Pacific Region.” A. Ellis, D. Kirkwood and D. Malhotra, eds. [http://elibrary. worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-8300- 1]. Last accessed 26 January 2016 220 ———. 2015b. Migration and remittance data. Washington, DC. [www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data]. Last accessed 12 February 2016.
Readers’ guide COUNTRY GROUPINGS In this report, Asia-Pacific countries refer to those based on UNDP regional classifications. Including both developing and developed countries and areas, the region is divided into four subregional groups: East Asia, South Asia, South-east Asia and Oceania. The subregions of Central Asia and Western Asia are excluded from Asia-Pacific demographic and other data. The term country or economies as used in this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. As the demographic and other data for China do not include Hong Kong, China (Special Administrative Region); Macao, China (Special Administrative Region of China); and Taiwan Province of China, for statistical purposes, these areas or territories have been denoted in this report as Hong Kong, China (SAR); Macao, China (SAR); and Taiwan Province of China, respectively. The designations used and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or UNDP concerning the legal or UN Member State status of any territories, cities or areas. The descriptions of countries and areas as ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Developed or industrialized countries generally refer to members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Asia-Pacific region encompasses 42 countries and 3 areas. These include: East Asia (5 countries and 3 areas) China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mongolia. Plus Hong Kong, China (SAR); Macau, China (SAR); Taiwan Province of China. South Asia or South-west Asia (9 countries) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. South-east Asia (11 countries) Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam. Oceania (17 countries) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. Wherever possible, all 45 countries and areas are reported in data tables to maintain uniformity; notes alert readers to data limitations. Lack of data in itself is a finding that may in some cases suggest the need for building statistical capacity. The report generally uses the above categorization of countries, except for data from some specific sources. For World Bank data, subregional groupings generally follow the World Bank classification, which combines developing East Asia, South-east Asia and Oceania as East Asia-Pacific. For data from the International Labour Organization (ILO), subregional groupings generally follow its classification, which combines developing South-east Asia and Oceania as South-east Asia-Pacific. Differences between classifications by UNDP and the World Bank are as follows. East Asia and the Pacific (developing countries): 23 out of 24 countries are common in both UNDP and World Bank classifications. UNDP includes Nauru; the World Bank includes American Samoa. South Asia: The World Bank classification includes eight countries. The UNDP classification includes all of these as well as the Islamic Republic of Iran. To recognize the difference, some statistical tables refer to South and West Asia. References to Latin America in the text or 221
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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FOREWORD We live in times of great
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Asia-Pacific H
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Table of Contents Foreword iii Pref
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1.15 Population age-composition is
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Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank
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Overview SHAPING THE FUTURE: HOW CH
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA-PACIFIC:
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FIGURE 2: Wealthier countries tend
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a strong emphasis on protecting wor
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could provide job matching assistan
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Asia-Pacific leave the workforce at
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WHAT’S AHEAD IN THIS REPORT This
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Chapter 1 HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS
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sustainable, reaching everyone whil
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FIGURE 1.1: The Human Development I
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TABLE 1.1: Asia-Pacific still has l
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married couples to have children, a
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FIGURE 1.5: Population pyramids in
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FIGURE 1.8: The median age is high
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FIGURE 1.10: Disparities in fertili
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Improved overall human development
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TABLE 1.5: Countries in Asia-Pacifi
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“When relatively large generation
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38 Having fewer dependents on worki
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40 In developed Asia- Pacific, the
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TABLE 1.6: Demographic dividends fl
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44
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2. MORE PEOPLE AT WORK: THE FOUNDAT
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encouraged labour-intensive industr
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FIGURE 2.3: Peaks within subregions
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A DEMOGRAPHIC RETURN FOR HUMAN DEVE
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BOX 2.1: Women bear a larger burden
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FIGURE 2.8: Growth in labour produc
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WHAT’S BEEN LEARNED IN CHINA, JAP
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FIGURE 2.13: Japan is past its work
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FIGURE 2.15: Thailand still has tim
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make this a key aim of national dev
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investment climate, as well as enco
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TABLE 2.4: Shares of workers in the
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Even before leaving home, migrant w
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Promote health and safety at work:
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BOX 2.8: Malaysia transforms an ind
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of resilient infrastructure are joi
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Chapter 3 NURTURING CHILDREN, UNLOC
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Asia-Pacific is home to 1.7 billion
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Commendable progress in education m
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Quality primary education mitigates
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In most Asia-Pacific countries, sec
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Strong tertiary education is a buil
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FIGURE 3.3: Access to tertiary educ
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94 TABLE 3.9: Youth illiteracy has
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TABLE 3.11: Child mortality rates b
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BOX 3.7: Malnutrition and disabilit
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Despite social and economic progres
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FIGURE 3.8: The share of youth who
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104 Young migrants are highly vulne
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as an important challenge. But they
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TABLE 3.15: Some countries with lar
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Immunization saves children’s liv
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BOX 3.10: Germany’s vocational tr
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BOX 3.12: Partnering with youth in
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116
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4. AGEING SOCIETIES: NEW OPPORTUNIT
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FIGURE 4.1: Asia-Pacific is one of
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TABLE 4.1: East Asia is the oldest
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BOX 4.2: Responses to poverty among
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BOX 4.3: A plan of action for older
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FIGURE 4.9: Per capita health-care
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BOX 4.5: China moves towards univer
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TABLE 4.3: Social pensions are an i
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FIGURE 4.12: Pension replacement ra
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BOX 4.7: Increasing links between p
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cupy space in some public buildings
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ment bodies, encourage regular inte
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BOX 4.9: Ageing countries begin enc
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help coordinate the work of other g
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for older people. Many advanced cou
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action. Free public transport, and
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Chapter 5 TAPPING THE HUMAN DYNAMIS
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In the last 30 years, Asia-Pacific
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FIGURE 5.3: Even countries with few
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FIGURE 5.6: Most people will contin
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160 Social, cultural and economic i
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The benefits of urbanization have n
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BOX 5.2: Pioneering urban poverty r
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vehicles on the road. Beijing issue
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Municipal governments in Asia-Pacif
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Page 197 and 198: 6. AN AGENDA FOR ACTION: SHAPING TH
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Page 207 and 208: plan automatically enrols people in
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Page 213 and 214: End Notes CHAPTER 1 1. UNFPA 2014b.
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Page 217: produces 40 percent of total econom
Page 220 and 221: 206 The Asia Foundation. 2013. “T
Page 222 and 223: 208 CODI (Community Organizations D
Page 224 and 225: 210 Global Migration Group. 2014.
Page 226 and 227: 212 Janwani. 2010. “Annual Report
Page 228 and 229: 214 ———. 2012a. OECD Employme
Page 230 and 231: 216 ———. 2011. “Follow-up t
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Page 236 and 237: tables include the Caribbean countr
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Page 240 and 241: TABLE 2: Trends in the Human Develo
Page 242 and 243: TABLE 4: Gender Inequality Index 22
Page 244 and 245: TABLE 6: Trends in income poverty,
Page 246 and 247: TABLE 8: Fertility rate and crude d
Page 248 and 249: TABLE 10: Trends and share of child
Page 250 and 251: TABLE 12: Trends and share of young
Page 252 and 253: TABLE 14: Trends and share of older
Page 254 and 255: TABLE 16: Education indicators and
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 17: Health indicators 242
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 18: Employment and unemployme
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 19: International trade, fina
Page 263 and 264: ABOUT ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
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