SHAPING THE FUTURE HOW CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS CAN POWER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

63. WHO 2014b.
64. UNFPA 2012.
65. UNICEF 2015b.
66. Ibid.
67. Guarcello et al. 2007.
68. UNDP 2014.
69. ILO 2015d.
70. Ibid.
71. World Bank 2015a.
72. O’Higgins 2001.
73. World Economic Forum 2013.
74. ILO 2015d.
75. ADB 2008.
76. ILO 2010.
77. Fares and Puerto 2009.
78. Angel-Urdinola et al. 2010.
79. UNESCO 2015b.
80. UN DESA 2015b.
81. ADB 2014d.
82. UNESCO 2016.
83. UNESCAP 2015a.
84. World Bank 2015b.
85. ADB 2014d.
86. UNESCAP 2015a.
87. Ibid.
88. Global Migration Group 2014.
89. UNESCAP 2015b.
90. World Bank 2014d.
91. Asian Barometer 2016.
92. Ibid.
93. Teléfonica 2013.
94. UNESCO 2008.
95. Norbu 2014.
96. OECD countries have an average of
3.2 doctors and 8.7 nurses per 1,000
people. Asia-Pacific countries have only
1.2 doctors and 2.8 nurses per 1,000, for
the latest years with available data. See
OECD and WHO 2014.
97. WHO 2010.
98. UNESCAP 2014.
99. World Economic Forum 2013.
100. Angel-Urdinola et al. 2010.
101. ILO 2015f.
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid.
CHAPTER 4
1. Constructed by HelpAge International,
the Global AgeWatch Index ranks
countries by how well their older
populations are faring in social and
economic well-being. It consists of
four dimensions—income status, health
status, education and employment, and
enabling environment—with 13 indicators.
An ‘enabling environment’ has four
indicators: social connection, physical
safety, civic freedom and access to
public transport. For further details, see
HelpAge International 2015.
2. UN DESA 2015a.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. At the regional level, there is a shift in
the dependency ratio over the decades.
Initially, the proportion of young
people was rising, while that of the
elderly population (60 and above) was
decreasing. Both of these trends peaked
in 1965 and have reversed direction
thereafter.
7. UNDP 2015a.
8. Gorman 2007 as cited in Mujahid 2012.
9. ILO 2011a.
10. Barrientos 2012.
11. Evans et al. 2006.
12. Government of Sri Lanka 2002.
13. Shon and Palley 2014.
14. Priebe and Howell 2014.
15. Ibid.
16. ILO 2015g.
17. The Human Development Report 2015
distinguishes between the concepts
of ‘work’ and ‘job’. Work is a much
broader concept, including unpaid care
work, voluntary work and other types
of work with a large impact on human
development. For further details, see
UNDP 2015a.
18. UN Women 2015b.
19. The feminization of poverty is a change
in poverty level biased against women or
female-headed households.
20. UNDP 2015a.
21. Bibby 2010.
22. Beales 2002.
23. Handayani and Babajanian 2012.
24. Ibid.
25. UN 2012a.
26. Ageism is stereotyping and prejudice
against older people that can lead to age
discrimination.
27. United Nations 2012b.
28. See, for example, United Nations 2011.
29. United Nations 2012b.
30. Knox-Vydmanov 2011.
31. UN 2012a.
32. UNPFA and HelpAge International 2011a.
33. UNESCAP 2012.
34. UN DESA 2011.
35. World Bank 2016.
36. UN DESA 2007.
37. UNSW, SPC and University of the
Queensland 2014.
38. World Bank 2016.
39. UNSW, SPC and University of the
Queensland 2014.
40. UNDP 2014.
41. WHO 2007a.
42. Langenbrunner and Somonathan 2011;
Chongsuvivatwong et al. 2011.
43. WHO 2014d.
44. Chongsuvivatwong et al. 2011.
45. NPR news 2008.
46. United Nations 2012b.
47. Population Reference Bureau 2012.
48. Cooper et al. 2009, cited in Oliver et al.
2014.
49. WHO 2012.
50. O’Donnell et al. 2008.
51. United Nations 2012a. A survey
conducted in Asia-Pacific countries in
May 2011 by UNESCAP assessed the
implementation status of the Madrid
Plan of Action. The survey results are
presented in UNESCAP 2012.
52. Cai and Wang 2014.
53. United Nations 2013a.
54. Park and Estrada 2012.
55. World Bank 2008
56. Mujahid 2012; Falkingham and
Vlachantoni 2010.
57. The proportion comes down to 20
percent when non-contributory pensions
are taken out.
58. ILO 2014a.
59. ILO 2015g.
60. ILO 2014a.
61. Wang 2014.
62. ILO 2014a.
63. Feng and Chen 2014.
64. The low coverage of contributory
pensions in most Asia-Pacific countries
has been noted by two major studies.
IMF 2011, for instance, noted a
particularly low coverage rate, citing an
average of 26 percent in seven countries.
The Asian Development Bank analysed
public pension systems in eight countries
(China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand
and Viet Nam), and concluded that most
face the problems of low coverage and
low levels of benefits (Park and Estrada
2012).
65. ILO 2015g.
66. ILO 2014a.
67. OECD 2016.
68. ILO 2014a.
69. Despite relatively low replacement rates,
older people in Japan, rather than being
a burden to family, transfer resources to
younger generations by spending money
on their children and grandchildren or by
leaving it to them when they die.
70. ADBI 2012.
71. Ibid.
72. IMF 2011.
73. Asher 2012.
74. Nguyen 2002.
75. Mason and Lee 2011.
76. The concept of ‘ageing in place’ is a
popular current term. It is defined as
201