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Buddhist Romanticism

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On the individual and the universe:<br />

2) The questions of whether or not the universe is infinite, and whether or<br />

not it’s One, are irrelevant to ending suffering and stress. In fact, to insist<br />

on the Oneness and infinitude of the universe is to stray away from the path<br />

to the end of suffering (§6; §25). Although it is true that causation in the<br />

universe is not deterministic, the universe itself does not have a purpose. To<br />

insist that it has a purpose and meaning allows for the idea that suffering<br />

serves a purpose, thus making it harder to see that suffering is best brought<br />

to an end.<br />

3) To hold to a definition of what one “is” as a human being stands in the<br />

way of abandoning the suffering that every such definition entails (§17;<br />

§20). Not all human drives can be trusted—most come from ignorance—so<br />

there is a need to be heedful in choosing which desires to fulfill and which to<br />

resist. And, in fact, human beings do have freedom of choice. But because the<br />

universe has no purpose, they have no duty to further its growth.<br />

On the ultimate religious experience and the spiritual illness it cures:<br />

4) Human beings suffer from the craving and clinging that lead to<br />

becoming and that result from ignorance of how suffering is caused and how<br />

it can be brought to an end (§3; §25).<br />

5) Along the path to the end of suffering, a meditator may experience a<br />

feeling of unity with the universe and a feeling of unity within. The<br />

Dhamma agrees with <strong>Romanticism</strong> that this feeling is temporary and<br />

inconstant. However, this feeling is not the highest religious experience<br />

(§23). There are many possible religious experiences. The Canon notes that<br />

teachers prior to the Buddha had mistaken the various levels of jhāna, or<br />

mental absorption, as the highest possible experience, but that these levels of<br />

concentration are all fabricated, and thus fall short of the highest goal. The<br />

highest experience is unbinding, which is not a feeling, but goes totally<br />

beyond the six senses (§§45–47; §54).<br />

6) Unbinding is transcendent, an unconditioned dimension outside of<br />

space and time (§§48–49; §51).<br />

7) The freedom attained with unbinding is thus free from all limitations<br />

181

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