AEMI

MARIA BEATRIZ ROCHA-TRINDADE
and the Regenerator Party (and other
parties which emerged later from those),
worsened in the early years of the 20th
century.
The disenchantment caused by the
monarchic regime, in which inequalities
accentuated the visible differences in
everyday life, began dividing the landowners
from those who did not have
access to rights which were considered
basic, causing a succession of clashes.
The tragic assassination of the King D.
Carlos I and the young heir Prince D.
Luís Filipe on February the 1st, 1908,
was followed by the deposition of the
last Portuguese monarch, D. Manuel
II, who, accompanied by his mother D.
Amelia of Orleans and Bragança, was
forced to leave the country and go to the
United Kingdom in 1910, immediately
after establishment of the Republic that
happened later in that same year. 5
The alternation of the new rulers, and
the constant change of the elements that
35
constituted the Governments that followed,
joined supporters to the establishment
of the Republic, which took
place on October 5th, 1910, see Table 3.
The persecution of the losers, which always
occurs in similar situations, encourages
escape, and thus the abandonment
of the country and the search for refuge.
The crossing of the bridge between
the monarchy and the two republics that
followed was characterized by a governmental
instability. The turbulent times
experienced during the period of establishment
of a Republican government
run by 13 Presidents during the period
from 1910 until 1974 integrated several
regimes. Its synthesis is presented in the
following tables, allowing a quick apprehension
of the events, see Table 4.
The Censorship established during the
New State (Estado Novo) and the control
exercised by the International State’s
Defense Police (known by its acronym
PIDE) effectively imposed major limita-
Table 3
The Chronology of the Exiles
Portuguese Political Framework from the 19th to the 21st Centuries
REGIMES
Traditional Monarchy
Constitutional Monarchy
Absolutism and Liberalism
• From the Monarchy to the Republic (1910)
1 st Republic • Republican Regime (1910-1926)
2 nd Republic • Military Dictatorship (1926-1928)
• National Dictatorship (1928-1933)
• Installation of the Estado Novo (1933-1974)
Colonial War (1961-1974)
3 rd Republic • Democracy (1974-…)