7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...

ABSTRACTS.–.Symposia
172 Revisiting The Second Law of Energy Degradation and
Entropy Generation:From Sadi Carnot’s Ingenious Reasoning to
Holistic Generalization, MILIVOJE M. KOSTIC (Department.of.
Mechanical.Engineering,.Northern.Illinois.University,.Dekalb,.IL
60115 USA;.kostic@niu.edu).
Sadi.Carnot’s.ingenious.reasoning.of.reversible.cycles.(1824).
laid.foundations.for.the.Second.Law.before.the.Fist Law.of.energy.
conservation.was.even.known.(Joule.1843).and.long.before.Thermodynamic.
concepts. were. established. in. 1850s..A. century. later,.
Bridgman.(1941).“complained”.that.“there are almost as many formulations
of the Second Law as there have been discussion of it.”.
Even.today,.the.Second Law.remains.so.obscure,.due.to.the.lack.of.
its.comprehension,.that.it.continues.to.attract.new.efforts.at.clarification,.including.this.one.
The. Laws of Thermodynamics. have. much. wider,. including.
philosophical.significance.and.implication,.than.their.simple.expressions.
based. on. the. experimental. observations.. The. Fundamental
Laws of Nature:.The.Zeroth (equilibrium.existentialism),.The.First.
(conservationism), The. Second. (directional. transformationalism),
and The.Third.(unattainability.of.emptiness),.are.defining.and.unifying.
our. comprehension. of. all. existence. and. transformations. in.
the. universe.. The. forces,. causing. the. mass-energy. displacement,.
thus.defining.the.process.direction,.are.manifested.by.tendency.of.
mass-energy.transfer.in.time.towards.common.equilibrium.due.to.
non-equilibrium.of.mass-energy.in.space..It.should.not.be.confused.
with.local.creation.of.non-equilibrium.or.“organized.structures”.on.
expense. of. “over-all”. non-equilibrium,. by. spontaneous. and. irreversible.
conversion. (dissipation). of. other. energy. forms. into. the.
thermal.energy,.always.accompanied.with.increase.of.entropy.(randomized.equi-partition.of.energy.per.absolute.temperature.level)..The.fundamental.laws.of.nature.are.considered.to.be.axiomatic.and.many.believe.they.could.not.be.explained,.proven.or.questioned..However,.everything.may.and.should.be.questioned,.reasoned,.explained.and.possibly.proven..The.miracles.are.until.they.
are.comprehended.and.understood.
The Rio Muerto Project: Mummies of the
Tiwanaku Culture from Moquegua, Peru
Wednesday, starting at 11:00a.m. in KIPJ Theatre
173 The Rio Muerto Project 2006-2010: Mummy Preparation,
Mortuary Practice, and Social Identity in the Tiwanaku State (AD
500-1000), PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN 1 *, ULRIKE M. GREEN 1 ,
ALICIA BOSWELL 1 , SARAH BAITzEL 1 , and PATRICIA
PALACIOS 2 ( 1 Department. of.Anthropology,. University. of. California,.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093-0532;.
2 Museo. Contisuyo,. Plaza. de. Armas,. Moquegua,. Peru;. psgoldstein@dssmail.ucsd.edu).
Mortuary. excavations. at. the. Rio. Muerto. site. in. Moquegua,.
Peru,. perhaps. the. best. preserved. Tiwanaku. site. in. South. America,.have.produced.an.important.sample.of.Tiwanaku.mummified.
remains.and.a.trove.of.data.on.mortuary.practice..The.Tiwanaku.
rituals.of.death.and.mourning.indicate.enduring.cultural.and.social.
ties.between.lowland.colonies.and.the.civilization’s.homeland.in.
the.high.altiplano..Shared.mortuary.elements.include.widely.shared.
practices. of. body. preparation,. wrapping. and. positioning,. tomb.
construction,.and.burial.offerings..At.the.same.time,.more.subtle.
variability.in.Tiwanaku.mortuary.practices,.mourner’s.rituals.and.
100
ethnic.diacritics.such.as.cranial.deformation.between.distinct.cemetery.sectors.may.align.with.distinct.subgroups.or.cultural.identities.
within.the.larger.Tiwanaku.civilization.
174 Dress, Death, and Identity in Moquegua Tiwanaku: Textile Evidence
from the Rio Muerto Mummies, Moquegua, Peru,.ELIzA-
BETH M. PLUNGER* and PAUL S..GOLDSTEIN (Department.
of.Anthropology,.University.of.California,.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.
Drive,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093-0532;.psgoldstein@dssmail.ucsd.edu)..
Dress. is. among. the. most. important. means. of. communicating.roles.and.relationships,.both.in.life.and.death..The.mummies.
and.other.well-preserved.interments.from.the.Tiwanaku.cemetery.
sites.at.the.Rio.Muerto.archaeological.complex.(M43.and.M70).in.
Moquegua,.Peru,.offer.a.rare.opportunity.to.examine.the.construction.of.the.identities.of.Middle.Horizon.people.as.they.are.mourned.and.interred.by.family.and.friends..Information.from.the.examination.of.the.garments.from.these.sites.has.provided.unprecedented.
information.on.ideas.of.status,.gender.and.sex.roles,.and.the.roles.
and.importance.of.children,.in.this.ancient.community.
175 Unwrapping Tiwanaku Diet: Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data
from the Mummies of Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru,.ANDREW D.
SOMERVILLE*, PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN, SARAH I. BAITzEL,
MARGARET J. SCHOENINGER, SARAH RAUBEN-
HEIMER, and LINDA yzURDIGA (Department.of.Anthropology,.University.of.California,.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive,.La.
Jolla,.CA.92093-0532;.psgoldstein@dssmail.ucsd.edu).
The.superb.preservation.of.human.remains.at.Rio.Muerto.permits.
an. unusual. opportunity. for. new. bioarchaeological. research.
on.Tiwanaku.society..As.markers.of.individual.and.group.identity,.
dietary.practices.convey.valuable.information.on.ethnicity,.gender,.
and. status-based. differences. within. archaeological. populations..
Through.analysis.of.bone.carbon.and.nitrogen.stable.isotope.ratios,.
we.reconstruct.the.paleodiet.of.the.Middle-Horizon.Tiwanaku.from.
Rio. Muerto. in. the. Moquegua. Valley. of. Southern. Peru.. Working.
with.mummified.remains.permits.analysis.of.both.traditional.bone.
isotope.ratios.as.well.as.human.hair,.allowing.comparison.between.
long.and.short-term.dietary.intake..Our.results.are.compared.to.previously.
generated. data. from. the. earlier. Huaracane,. and. succeeding.Tumilaca.and.Chiribaya.populations,.and.to.highland.Tiwanaku.
data. to. assess. dietary. changes. in. relation. to. political. and. demographic.changes.across.the.Tiwanaku.core.and.peripheral.regions..Additionally,.we.investigate.gendered.food.behaviour.in.the.peripheral.Tiwanaku.colony.
176 Labor, Gender, and Identity: Bioarchaeological Activity Patterns
in Mummified and Skeletonized Individuals from the Tiwanaku
State (AD 500-1000), SARA K. BECKER. (University. of.
North. Carolina,. Chapel. Hill,. Department. of. Anthropology,. 301.
Alumni.Building.CB#3115,.Chapel.Hill,.NC.27599;.Sara.Becker@
unc.edu).
Organized.labor.is. a.known. key.component.to.the.development.
of. state-level. societies.. However,. concepts. of. labor. in. prehistoric.societies.can.sometimes.be.reduced.to.a.one-dimensional.
idea,.overshadowing.the.actual.individuals.involved.in.activity.and.
production.within.an.emerging.complex.society..Within.this.paper,.
I. provide. a. comparative. framework. of. specific. skeletal. evidence.
to.the.archaeological.record.by.using.biological.markers.to.infer.
how.habitual.activity.varies.within.Tiwanaku.state.formation.both.
in.the.Titicaca.Basin,.Bolivia.and.the.Moquegua.Valley,.Peru..The.