7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...

vector.commands.to.navigate.around.the.obstacles..
After. a. series. of. trial. runs,. the. novel. navigation. yielded. an.
average.run.time.of.38.45.seconds.while.the.conventional.navigation.resulted.in.an.average.run.time.of.140.57.seconds..The.addition.
of. aerial. vision. from. the. quadrocopter. resulted. in. a. 72.6. percent.
improvement.in.operation.time.for.the.ground.robot..These.findings.
demonstrate. rich. data. provided. from. aerial. imagery. significantly.
enhances.and.improves.robot.navigation.
371 An Algorithm to Determine Protein Structure Using Secondary
and Tertiary Structure Prediction,.VIKRAM SUNDAR.(The.
Harker.School,.500.Saratoga.Ave,.San.Jose,.CA.95129;.14vikrams@
students.harker.org).
Protein.structure.prediction.is.key.to.finding.cures.for.diseases.
such.as.cancer..Today.biochemists.spend.years.determining.protein.
structure..Determining.how.a.protein.folds.into.a.three-dimensional.
shape.is.a.complex.problem..Protein.structure.has.four.levels:.primary,.the.sequence.of.amino.acids;.secondary,.the.local.structure;.tertiary,.the.location.of.a.subunit’s.atoms;.and.quaternary,.the.overall.structure..Secondary.structure.is.classified.into.motifs,.such.as.
helices. or. sheets.. I. wanted. to. predict. tertiary. structure. by. using.
residue.propensity,.the.probability.that.a.given.amino.acid.forms.
a.particular.motif..To.validate.the.results.an.RMSE.analysis.calculated.the.error.in.the.predicted.structure..The.goal.for.this.algorithm.
was.to.achieve.a.low.RMSE.in.80%.of.all.proteins..My.algorithm.
built.a.table.of.residue.propensities.by.reading.the.entire.Protein.
Data.Bank..Using.this.data,.it.predicted.secondary.structure.given.
the.amino.acid.sequence..Then,.the.algorithm.performed.threading,.
i.e..using.the.structure.of.known.proteins.with.similar.sequences.to.
complete.the.predicted.structure..Finally,.my.algorithm.calculated.
the.coordinates.of.the.central.atoms.of.each.amino.acid.in.the.protein.based.on.this.information..To.allow.viewing.of.the.predictions.
sample.pdb.files.were.produced,.which.can.be.viewed.using.JMol..
My.algorithm.was.successful.in.producing.low-RMSE.predictions.
in.80%.of.cases.tested..It.is.fail-fast,.meaning.that.confidence.values.are.high.for.predicted.structures..In.addition,.my.algorithm.predicted.structures.within.thirty.minutes,.a.major.improvement.over.
the.years.biochemists.need.
AGRICULTURE and HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE
372 Non-Cytotoxicity of Novel Antifungal Aminoglycosides in
Mammalian Cells, SANJIB SHRESTHA 1,3 *, CHENG-WEI
TOM CHANG 2,3 , MARINA FOSSO 2 , yUKIE KAWASAKI 1 ,
MICHELLE GRILLEy 1 , and JON y. TAKEMOTO 1,3 .( 1 Department.of.Biology,.Utah.State.University,.5305.Old.Main.Hill,.Logan,.
UT.84322;. 2 Department.of.Chemistry.and.Biochemistry,.0300.Old.
Main.Hill,.Logan,.UT.84322;. 3 Synthetic.Biomanufacturing.Center.
(USTAR),.620.North.600.East,.Utah.State.University,.Logan,.UT.
84341;.sanjib.shrestha@usu.edu).
Many. neamine-based. aminoglycosides,. such. as. kanamycin,.
and. streptomycin,. are. antibiotics. that. effectively. kill. bacteria.. In.
contrast, novel. aminoglycosides. FG08,. FG03. and. K20,. derived.
from.kanamycins,.are.inhibitory.to.fungi.and.oomycetes,.but.they.
do.not.inhibit.bacteria..The.latter.compounds.share.the.structural.
feature.of.a.C8.alkyl.chain.containing.a.glycosyl.moiety.attached.
to.the.neamine.core..As.potential.fungicides.for.use.in.agriculture.
and.medicine,.the.effects.of.these.novel.compounds.on.mammalian.cells.are.of.interest..The.purpose.of.this.study.was.to.examine.
ABSTRACTS.–.Contributed.Posters
the.cytotoxicity.potential.of.FG08,.FG03,.and.K20.against.mammalian.cells..FG08.and.FG03.were.synthesized.from.kanamycin.B.and.K20.from.kanamycin.A..Cytotoxicity.activitities.were.evaluated.
in. mammalian. cell. lines. C8161.9. (melanoma). and. NIH3T3.
(mouse.fibroblast).by.measuring.the.activity.of.cellular.reductase.
that. reduces. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.
bromide.(MTT).to.formazan..Antifungal.activities.were.determined.
as. minimal. inhibitory. concentrations. (MICs). using. microbroth.
dilution.growth.inhibition.assays..FG08,.FG03,.and.K20.showed.
dose-dependent.cytotoxicities.to.C8161.9.and.NIH3T3.cells..Halfmaximal.cytotoxicity.(LC50).values.for.C8161.9.and.NIH3T3.cells.
ranged.between.500.to.650.µg.mL -1 .and.250.to.650.µg.mL -1 .respectively..FG08.was.the.most.and.K20.the.least.cytotoxic..FG08,.FG03.
and. K20 showed. antifungal. MICs. ranging. between. 7.8. and. 62.5.
µg.mL -1 .against.Fusarium graminearum.and.15.6.and.65.5.µg.mL -
1 against.Pythium ultimum..FG08,.FG03,.and.K20.are.not.cytotoxic.
to.mammalian.cells.at.concentrations.equivalent.to.their.antifungal.
MICs..These.novel.aminoglycosides.appear.attractive.for.applications.as.fungicides.in.medicine.and.agriculture.
373 Scalable Production of Syringomycin E as an Organic Compatible
Agrifungicide,. yUKIE KAWASAKI*, MICHELLE
GRILLEy, and JON TAKEMOTO (Department. of. Biology,.
Utah. State. University,. 5305. Old. Main. Hill,. Logan,. UT. 84322;.
yukie.kawasaki@usu.edu).
Syringomycin. E. (SRE). is. a. cyclic. lipodepsipeptide. produced.
by. the. plant-associated. bacterium. Pseudomonas syringae..
It.displays.fungicidal.properties.and.may.have.a.role.in.microbial.
competition. on. plant. surfaces.. SRE. is. lethal. to. a. broad. range. of.
phytopathogenic.fungi.and.is.not.antibacterial.or.toxic.to.animal.
cells..As.a.natural.product,.SRE.has.potential.for.use.as.an.organic.
compatible.agrifungicide..For.such.applications,.standards.as.specified.
by. the. USDA. National. Organic. Program. must. be. met..The.
aims.of.the.project.are.to.develop.P. syringae.strains,.cell.growth.
parameters,. and. SRE. purification. procedures. to. facilitate. SRE’s.
use.as.an.organic.agrifungicide..P. syringae B301D.was.subjected.
to.ultraviolet.light.mutagenesis.and.selection.procedues.to.obtain.
isolates.with.enhanced.SRE.production..Growth.was.conducted.in.
an. Omni-culture. (VirTis). bioreactor,. and. SRE. was. purified. after.
isopropanol.extraction,.XAD-2.chromatography.and.HPLC..Isolate.
G10.displayed.enhanced.SRE.production.in.a.newly.formulated.and.
organic-compatible.growth. medium.(ISM). (50.µg. L -1 .SRE.in.48.
h)..Approximately.50%.of.the.SRE.produced.was.recovered.after.
extraction. and. chromatographic. purification. using. organic-compatible.
isopropanol. throughout. the. process..A. P. syringae. isolate.
(G10),.a.growth.medium.formulation,.and.purification.procedures.
were.developed.for.the.scalable.production.of.SRE.using.materials.
and.processes.compatible.with.USDA.National.Organic.Program.
standards.
EARTH SCIENCES
374 Modeling the Climate Effects of 21 st Century Global Warming
on Selected Ski Resorts in Western Canada,.MICHAEL PID-
WIRNy.(Unit.2:.Biology.and.Physical.Geography,.Irving.K..Barber.School.of.Arts.and.Sciences,.University.of.British.Columbia,.Science.Building,.1177.Research.Road,.Kelowna,.British.Columbia,.Canada,.V1V.1V7;.michael.pidwirny@ubc.ca).
The. Intergovernmental. Panel. on. Climate. Change. (IPCC).
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