7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...

eveal.evidence.of.past.activity.patterns.that.required.a.use.of.‘a.
third. hand’..The. use. of. teeth. as. a. tool. could. produce. distinctive.
patterns.and.result.in.accidental.modifications.of.dentition;.these.
changes. could. be. related. to. specific. tasks.. The. paramasticatory.
function.of.teeth.could.offer.a.unique.insight.into.cultural.behaviour.
of.the.past.population..A.collection.of.111.individuals.from.an.Old.
Kingdom.and.Late.to.Ptolemaic.cemetery.in.Saqqara,.Egypt,.was.
subjected.to.a.detailed.osteological.examination.that.yielded.several.examples.of.unusual.dental.abrasion..These.dental.modifications.were.studied.in.relation.to.habitual.activities.as.well.as.dietary.
practices.that.could.possibly.be.associated.with.dental.attrition.
271 Hearts and Minds: Excerebration and Evisceration in the
Egyptian Mummification Tradition, ANDREW D. WADE* and
ANDREW J. NELSON (Department.of Anthropology,.University.
of.Western.Ontario;.awade4@uwo.ca).
The.popular.and.academic.literature.abounds.with.normative.
descriptions.of.the.treatment.of.the.cranial.and.abdominal-thoracic.
cavities,. and. their. contents,. in. the. ancient. Egyptian. mummification.tradition..These.norms.are.largely.derived.from.the.classical.
accounts.of.the.embalmer’s.art.by.Herodotus,.Diodorus,.Siculus,.
Porphyry.,and.Plutarch.
In.spite.of.the.high.degree.of.variability.apparent.in.the.literature.as.an.aggregate,.researchers.continue.to.focus.on.classical.
and. modern. stereotypes. rather. than. on. the. rich. variability. in. the.
Egyptian.mummification.tradition.as.it.evolved.across.Egypt.over.
the.course.of.more.than.three.millennia.
Recent. studies. by. the. authors. have. demonstrated. substantial.
variability. in. the. excerebration. and. evisceration. traditions. of.
ancient.Egyptian.embalmers..These.studies.have.called.into.question.the.long-held.classical.stereotypes,.particularly.dogmatic.class.associations,.through.comparison.with.empirical.data.from.the.literature.and.from.first-hand.observation.of.computed.tomography.
scans.
This.paper.will.discuss.integrated.results.of.the.ongoing.synthetic.
evaluations. of. evisceration. and. excerebration. features. in.
ancient. Egyptian. mummies,. drawing. from. adequate. descriptions.
in.the.literature.and.from.a.sample.of.seven.mummies.examined.
directly.using.computed.tomography..
This.study.compares.empirical.data.on.suites.of.excerebration.
and.evisceration.features.with.classical.descriptions.of.evisceration,.
excerebration,. and. organ. and. cavity. treatments.. Brain. and. body.
cavity. treatments,. and. the. removal. and. treatment. of. organs. vary.
between.time.periods,.sexes,.and.statuses,.and.are.discussed.in.relation.to.their.coincidence.as.suites.of.features,.their.treatment.in.the.
literature,.and.their.radiological.appearance.
272 Crime and Punishment: A Reconstruction of Mortuary Practices
in Nomadic Mongolia Based on the Study of Human Burials
from 3,000 BP (Bronze Age) to AD 1700 (Ming Dynasty),.BRUNO
FROHLICH 1 , TSEND AMGALANTUGS 2 , DAVID HUNT 1 *,
and KRISTEN PEARLSTEIN 1. ( 1 Department. of. Anthropology,.
National. Museum. of. Natural. History,. Smithsonian. Institution,.
Washington.DC,.USA.;. 2 Institute.of.Archaeology,.Mongolian.Academy.of.Sciences,.Ulaanbaatar,.Mongolia;.FROHLICH@si.edu).Human.mummified.remains.have.been.found.in.caves.in.several.Mongolian.aimags.(provinces)..To.present,.we.have.studied.18.
individuals.from.the.Bronze.Age.(3,000.BP).to.the.Ming.Dynasty.
(ca..AD.1650)..Cause.of.death.for.the.majority.of.these.burials.is.
from. traumatic. events;. including. hanging,. strangulation,. broken.
ABSTRACTS.–.Contributed.Oral.Papers
necks,.and.high.force.impacts..These.burials.are.generally.single.
individuals,.but.two.instances.were.multiple.burials.with.both.sexes.
and.a.range.of.ages..Variation.in.mortuary.practice.is.attributed.to.
historical.periods,.however,.the.number.of.cave.burials.is.too.small.
and.age.periods.extensive.to.represent.a.well-defined.population..
Previous.theories.suggested.that.cave.burials.were.shamanistic,.
relating.to.spiritual.and/or.ritual.expression..However,.our.theory.is.
more.simple.or.practical..Nomadic.groups.roam.well-defined.geographical.areas.for.suitable.grazing.areas..Distances.travelled.are.dependent.on.the.recovery.speed.of.the.landscape.from.the.destruction.of.grazing..Nomads.of.the.Gobi.Desert.travel.long.distances,.
while.the.people.of.the.fertile.northern.Hovsgol.aimag,.travel.less.
than.15.km.over.a.year..Ill-behaving.individuals.that.are.detrimental.
to.the.group.(dangerous.or.a.liability).need.to.be.neutralized.for.the.
good.of.the.group..This.would.be.accomplished.by.execution.of.the.
individual,.and.in.instances,.include.execution.of.the.nuclear.family.
due.to.lack.of.resources.to.sustain.them..This.interpretation.is.supported.by.Mongolian.ethnographic.record.in.the.way.criminals.are.
punished,.in.order.to.eliminate.the.danger.of.these.individuals.for.
the.survivorship.of.the.group/society.
AAASPD
EDUCATION SECTION
Monday, starting at 8:40 a.m. in KIPJ 220
273 Marine Invasive Species Assessment in San Diego Bay,.KATH-
LEEN F. ESTRELLA*, GABRIEL L. TUKEMAN*, and.JAy
S. VAVRA.(High.Tech.High,.2861.Womble.Rd.,.San.Diego,.CA,.
92106;.kestrella@hightechhigh.org,.gtukeman@hightechhigh.org)..
The.onslaught.of.invasive.species.pose.a.serious.threat.to.biodiversity.
worldwide.. Urban. environments. tend. to. have. an. abundance.of.invasives.leading.to.billions.of.dollars.of.damage.across.
the.U.S..Unlike.other.well.studied.urban.marine.environments.(eg..
San.Francisco.Bay).relatively.little.is.known.about.the.invasive.species.of.San.Diego.Bay..
In.2009,.High.Tech.High.established.a.cooperative.agreement.
with.the.U.S..Navy.to.follow.the.National.Invasive.Species.Council.
and.management.plans.which.help.prevent.the.spread.of.invasive.
species..Students.of.the.HTH.Biotechnology.class.conducted.a.pilot.
study.for.a.future.large.scale.ecological.survey.of.the.Bay..
Initially. students. learned. about. conservation. forensics. and.
invertebrate.zoology,.and.then.were.assigned.different.taxonomic.
groups.to.study.benthic.species.in.the.Bay..Subtidal.invertebrates.
were.sampled.from.fouling.organisms.growing.on.weighted.ropes.
placed.along.Grape.Street.Pier.in.San.Diego.Bay.since.2005..The.
first. approach. to. identify. specimens. involved. comparative. morphology.and.taxonomic.keys..Later,.students.applied.DNA.barcoding.using.Cytochrome.Oxidase.C.Subunit.I.to.identify.species.
A.variety.of.native.and.invasive.species.were.identified.through.
this.study..This.included.invasives.such.as.numerous.tunicates.and.
bivalves,.which.were.identified.and.barcoded..Several.native.species.
were. also. identified,. which. comprised. of. several. species. of.
bryozoans.and.molluscs.
Through. these. surveys. and. collaboration. with. taxonomic.
experts,.this.study.details.an.approach.for.the.early.detection.and.
routine. monitoring. of. biodiversity. to. help. prevent. and. slow. the.
spread.of.invasive.species..
123