7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...

ABSTRACTS.–.Contributed.Oral.Papers
makers.of.the.Laetoli.tracks.are.as.yet.indeterminate,.they.do.not.
evidence. the. presence. of. a. modern. human-like. arch,. contrary. to.
Ward.et.al.,.as.established.in.the.diagnosis.of.the.ichnotaxon.Praehominipes
laetoliensis. MELDRUM. et. al.. 2011.. The. practice. of.
inferring.overall.behavior.and/or.morphology.of.an.organism.based.
on.a.single.element.should.be.viewed.critically..The.indications.of.
mosaicism.in.the.transformation.of.the.bipedal.foot,.evidenced.in.
the.foot.of.A. afarensis.as.well.as.other.early.hominin.feet,.render.
broad.generalizations.based.on.a.single.element.suspect,.even.if.the.
interpretations.of.that.element.are.accurate.
281 Review of the Patterson-Gimlin Film as Evidence of an Unrecognized
North American Ape, JEFF MELDRUM 1 * and BILL
MUNNS 2. ( 1 Department. of. Biological. Sciences,. Idaho. State. University,.921.S..8th.Ave,.Pocatello,.ID.83209;.
2 Bill.Munns.Creature.
Gallery,.www.billmunnscreaturegallery.com;.meldd@isu.edu).
The.Patterson-Gimlin.film.footage.remains.the.most.intriguing,.albeit.controversial.photographic.evidence.for.the.existence.of.
sasquatch.. It. was. captured. on. 16mm. film. in. northern. California,.
along. Bluff. Creek,. a. tributary. of. the. Klamath. River,. on. October.
20,.1967,.by.Roger.Patterson.and.Bob.Gimlin,.of.Yakima.Washington..A.number.of.highly.popularized.claims.have.alleged.the.film.is.
merely.a.hoax..We.address.the.assertion.that.the.film.depicts.“just.
a.man.in.a.fur.suit”.by.three.means:.1).Using.photogrammetry.to.
establish.a.reliable.digital.site.model.that.unifies.the.filmsite.landscapes.and.establishes.the.scale.of.the.subject,.with.height.reconstructed.
at. 2.25. m;. 2).Assessing. the. potential. and. limitations. of.
costume.fabrication.in.light.of.the.means.and.materials.available.in.
1967;.and.3).Using.enhanced.digital.imagery.in.evaluating.the.subject’s.anatomy.and.movements.as.compared.with.humans.and.great.
apes.. The. associated. footprint. evidence. has. already. formed. the.
basis.for.a.new.ichnotaxon,.Anthropoidipes ameriborealis, MEL-
DRUM.2007,.which.provides.footprint.morphology.correlated.with.
the.distinctions.of.gait.evidenced.in.the.film.subject..These.combined.lines.of.assessment.offer.strong.evidence.for.the.film.subject.
being.a.distinct.biological.entity.and.not.a.human.in.a.costume.
AAASPD
ECOLOGY, ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY, and
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SECTION
Monday, 8:40 a.m. in KIPJ 218
282 Fungal Endophyte Growth in a Nitrogen-free Solution: Nitrogen
Fixation Symbiosis May Extend Beyond Bacteria, RACHEL
SEWELL NESTERUK 1,2 *, and RUSTy RODRIGUEz 2
( 1 Department. of. Biology,. University. of. Washington,. 24. Kincaid.
Hall,.Box.351800,.Seattle,.WA.98195-1800;. 2 United.States.Geological.Survey.Western.Fisheries.Research.Center,.6505.NE.65
th .St,.
Seattle.WA.98105;.rlsn@u.washington.edu)..
Members. of. the. plant. family. Fabaceae. are. well. known. for.
their.ability.to.form.symbioses.with.nitrogen.fixing.bacteria.such.as.
Rhizobia..These.symbioses.allow.legumes.to.invade.poorly.developed.habitats.and.provide.a.competitive.advantage.over.their.neighbors.without.beneficial.nitrogen-fixing.symbioses..However,.there.
may.be.other.symbiotic.microorganisms.besides.bacteria.that.are.
capable.of.fixing.nitrogen.in.legumes..We.screened.several.isolates.
of.vertically-transmitted.fungal.endophytes.cultured.from.Lupinus
latifolius.collected.from.volcanically.disturbed.habitats.at.Mount.
St..Helens.for.the.ability.to.grow.in.a.nitrogen-free.solution..The.
126
ability.of.endophytes.to.use.media.without.nitrogen.is.compared.
between. habitats. defined. by. disturbance. severity..Additional. evidence.of.possible.nitrogen.fixation.is.presented.utilizing.PCR.reactions.
of. DNA. extracted. from. fungal. endophytes. amplified. using.
Nif.primers..The.evidence.combines.to.suggest.that,.in.addition.to.
Rhizobia. partners,. plants. in. the. Fabaceae. may. also. retain. fungal.
endophyte.partners.capable.of.providing.nitrogen..
283 A New Honey Bee Threat – the Phorid Fly Apocephalus
borealis,. ANDREW CORE 1 *, CHARLES RUNCKEL 2 ,
JONATHAN IVERS 1 , CHRISTOPHER QUOCK 1 , TRAVIS
SIAPNO 1 , SERAPHINA DENAULT 1 , BRIAN BROWN 3 ,
JOSEPH DERISI 2 , CHRISTOPHER D. SMITH 1 , and JOHN
HAFERNIK 1 ( 1 Department.of.Biology,.San.Francisco.State.University,.
San. Francisco,. California. 94132,. USA; 2 Department. of.
Biochemistry.and.Biophysics,.University.of.California,.San.Francisco,.
San. Francisco,. California. 94143,. USA; 3 Entomology. Section,.Natural.History.Museum.of.Los.Angeles.County
Los.Angeles,.
California.90007,.USA;.acore13@yahoo.com).
Colony.Collapse.Disorder.(CCD),.a.syndrome.characterized.
by.loss.of.hives.and.the.behavior.of.hive.abandonment,.threatens.
honey.bees.(Apis mellifera) in.the.United.States.and.Europe..So.far,.
the.main.causal.suspects.have.been.fungal.parasites,.viral.diseases.
and. interactions. amongst. them.. While. viral. and. microsporidian.
infections. have. been. linked. to. increased. mortality. and. declining.
health.in.CCD.colonies,.studies.have.not.directly.addressed.behavioral.changes.involved.in.abandonment.of.hives..Here.we.report.that.
Apocephalus borealis,.a.phorid.fly.native.to.North.America,.previously.known.to.attack.bumble.bees.and.paper.wasps,.has.begun.to.
attack.the.non-native.honey.bee..Notably,.this.fly.has.a.profound.
effect.on.parasitized.bees,.leading.them.to.abandon.their.hives.at.
night..Through.DNA.barcoding,.we.confirm.that.phorids.that.attack.
honey.bees.in.the.San.Francisco.Bay.Area.are.the.same.as.those.
attacking.bumble.bees..We.sample.honey.bee.hives.throughout.the.
Bay.Area,.and.demonstrate.that.the.majority.of.hives.yield.honey.
bees.parasitized.by.phorids..We.investigate.diseases.co-occurring.
with.A. borealis using.a.comprehensive.honey.bee.disease.microarray.chip..Bees.parasitized.by.A.
borealis.carry.other.diseases,.some.
linked.to.CCD..Adult.flies.and.larvae.also.test.positive.for.pathogens.
that. have. been. implicated. in. colony. collapse.. Understanding.causes.of.the.hive.abandonment.behavior.we.document.could.
explain. symptoms. associated. with. CCD.. Further,. knowledge. of.
this.parasite.could.help.prevent.its.spread.into.regions.of.the.world.
where.naïve.hosts.may.be.easily.susceptible.to.attack.
284 Cutthroat Trout Phylogenetic Relationships: Geologic Processes
Preserved in DNA,. DENNIS K SHIOzAWA 1 , PETER
UNMACK 1 , DEREK HOUSTON 1 , JASON MATHIS 1 , and R.
PAUL EVANS 2 *.( 1 Department.of.Biology,. 2 Department.of.Microbiology.and.Molecular.Biology,.Brigham.Young.University,.Provo,.
Utah,.84602;.evansp@byu.edu).
The.phylogeography.of.aquatic.organ.isms.in.western.North.
America.has.been.strongly.influenced.by.the.complex.geological.
history.of.the.region..Native.western.fishes,.because.they.require.
sufficient. water. to. avoid. seasonal. and. long-term. temperature.
extremes.and.desiccation,.carry.genetic.signals.that.are.constrained.
over.geological.history..
Approximately. 14. subspecies. of. cutthroat. trout,. Oncorhynchus
clarkii,. are. recognized. from. western. North.America.. Most.
populations.are.seriously.threatened.or.endangered.mostly.due.to.