7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...
7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...
7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...
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1188,.Princet<strong>on</strong>,.NJ.08542-1188;.dmihram@usc.edu).<br />
How. has. any. scientist. advanced. human. knowledge. historically?.<br />
This. paper,. compiled. as. an. annotated. bibliography,. c<strong>on</strong>cludes:.By.analogy..(A).Via.science.as.natural.philosophy:.see.the.<br />
1971.paper.[INT’L J GEN SYSTEMS 1:.41-60.and.281].<strong>on</strong>.human.<br />
knowledge:. role. <strong>of</strong>. models,. metaphors,. and. analogy,. revealing.<br />
indeed:. (B). analogy’s. fundamental. role,. a. finding. c<strong>on</strong>firmed. in.<br />
natural. philosopher. K<strong>on</strong>rad. Lorenz’s. Nobel.Acceptance.Address,.<br />
1973..<br />
First:.Science.is.that.human.activity.devoted.to.the.search.for.<br />
the.very.explanati<strong>on</strong>.for.(i.e.,.for.the.truth.about).any.particular.naturally.occurring.phenomen<strong>on</strong>..In.The<br />
Origins <strong>of</strong> Modern Science,.<br />
H..Butterfield.c<strong>on</strong>cludes.that.modern.science.was—and.is.to.be—<br />
natural. philosophy. founded. <strong>on</strong>. observati<strong>on</strong>—and. advanced. by—<br />
mental. reflexi<strong>on</strong>. there<strong>on</strong>. (his. p.. 90,. First. Collier. Editi<strong>on</strong>,. 1962):.<br />
See.Roger.Cotes’s.preface.in.Newt<strong>on</strong>’s.Mathematical Principles <strong>of</strong><br />
Natural Philosophy.(2 nd .ed),.ca..1713.<br />
Sec<strong>on</strong>d:.Any.advancement.<strong>of</strong>.(or.innovati<strong>on</strong>.into).accumulating.human.knowledge.is.the.result.<strong>of</strong>.an.analogy-based.reflexi<strong>on</strong>..On.analogy.indeed:.See.also.Lorenz’s.c<strong>on</strong>firmatory.acknowledgement.in.the.Preface.to.An<br />
Epistle to Dr. Benjamin Franklin,.Expositi<strong>on</strong>-<strong>University</strong>.Press,.NY,.1975(1974).<br />
We. note. two. c<strong>on</strong>temporary. shortcomings:. 1.. Statisticians’.<br />
regressi<strong>on</strong>.theory.selects.the/a.mathematical.model.before.any.scientific.observati<strong>on</strong>,.much.less.mental.reflexi<strong>on</strong>,.has.been.made;.2..The.Scientific.Method.[IJGS,.ibid.].is.not.a.mimicry.<strong>of</strong>.the.mathematician’s.theorem-proving.process.(à.la.Euclid,.e.g.),.since.a.mathematician’s.innovati<strong>on</strong>.(though.it.surely.be.founded.<strong>on</strong>.an.analogy.<br />
with.previous.mathematical.knowledge).need.not.be.at.all.the.result.<br />
from.any.observati<strong>on</strong>(s).<strong>of</strong>.a.naturally.occurring.phenomen<strong>on</strong>.<br />
AAASPD<br />
GENERAL and INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SECTION<br />
Tuesday, starting at 11:00 a.m. in KIPJ Room G<br />
310 Pleistocene Ecology and the Rise <strong>of</strong> Civilizati<strong>on</strong>,.JEFFREy<br />
GRITzNER. (Department. <strong>of</strong>. Geography,. The. <strong>University</strong>. <strong>of</strong>.<br />
M<strong>on</strong>tana,. 32. Campus. Drive,. Missoula,. MT. 59812-5040;. jeffrey.<br />
gritzner@um<strong>on</strong>tana.edu).<br />
Several.lines.<strong>of</strong>.enquiry.c<strong>on</strong>verge.to.suggest.the.existence.<strong>of</strong>.<br />
relatively.complex.societies.during.the.Late.Pleistocene..It.would.<br />
appear. that. glacial. advance. and. topographic. barriers. c<strong>on</strong>stricted.<br />
and.channeled.migrati<strong>on</strong>.in.Eurasia,.and.that.the.intensificati<strong>on</strong>.<strong>of</strong>.<br />
interacti<strong>on</strong>.led.to.the.so-called.Broad.Spectrum.Revoluti<strong>on</strong>.(BSR).<br />
<strong>of</strong>.the.Palaeolithic..The.BSR,.significant.envir<strong>on</strong>mental.change,.and.<br />
social.resp<strong>on</strong>se.resulted.in.widespread.plant.and.animal.domesticati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
at. the. Pleistocene-Holocene. transiti<strong>on</strong>,. and. evidently. precipitated.other.areas.<strong>of</strong>.social.innovati<strong>on</strong>.as.well..Recent.research,.<br />
including.the.reported.discovery.<strong>of</strong>.a.city.at.a.depth.<strong>of</strong>.thirty-six.<br />
meters. in. India’s. Gulf. <strong>of</strong>. Khambhat,. encourages. a. re-evaluati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
<strong>of</strong>.settlement.history..It.has.been.proposed.that.the.city,.dated.at.<br />
9500.B.P.,.is.the.Dwarka.<strong>of</strong>.the.Mahabharata.that.was.c<strong>on</strong>sumed.<br />
by.the.Arabian.Sea..Similar.reports,.particularly.in.areas.affected.<br />
by.glacial.eustatism,.encourage.further.investigati<strong>on</strong>..The.possible.<br />
existence.<strong>of</strong>.relatively.complex.Late.Pleistocene.societies,.coupled.<br />
with. the. effective. transmissi<strong>on</strong>. <strong>of</strong>. informati<strong>on</strong>. through. guild-like.<br />
structures.in.antiquity,.further.suggests.that.certain.classes.<strong>of</strong>.specialized.knowledge,.such.as.those.associated.with.systems.<strong>of</strong>.religi<strong>on</strong>,.medicine,.and.architecture.emerged.in.the.more.distant.past.<br />
ABSTRACTS.–.C<strong>on</strong>tributed.Oral.Papers<br />
311 Across the Divide: An Expediti<strong>on</strong> into the American West,.<br />
JOHN M. MURRAy 1 *, WENDy V. MURRAy 2 , and JOSEPH<br />
KAKAREKA 3 ( 1 Integrated. Engineering. Department,. Southern.<br />
Utah.<strong>University</strong>,.351.West.<strong>University</strong>.Boulevard,.Cedar.City,.UT.<br />
84720;. 2 Biology.Department,.Southern.Utah.<strong>University</strong>,.351.West.<br />
<strong>University</strong>.Boulevard,.Cedar.City,.UT.84720;. 3 College.<strong>of</strong>.Arts.and.<br />
Sciences,.Florida.Gulf.Coast.<strong>University</strong>,.10501.FGCU.Blvd..South,.<br />
Fort.Myers,.FL.33965;.murrayjm@suu.edu).<br />
The.Lakota.proverb,.“A.people.without.history.is.like.the.wind.<br />
<strong>on</strong>.the.buffalo.grass…The.wind.blows.and.the.grass.bends,”.suggests.that.the.events.<strong>of</strong>.“Across.the.Divide:.An.Expediti<strong>on</strong>.into.the.<br />
American.West”.be.recorded..Inspired.by.having.lived.and.travelled.<br />
in. the.American.West,. a. group. <strong>of</strong>. Florida. Gulf. Coast. <strong>University</strong>.<br />
faculty. decided. FGCU. students. could. benefit. from. experiencing.<br />
that. magnificent. regi<strong>on</strong>. and. assembling. what. they. learned. into.<br />
an. integrated. whole.. In. Hamlet’s. words,. “There. are. more. things.<br />
in.heaven.and.earth,.Horatio,.than.are.dreamt.<strong>of</strong>.in.your.philosophy.”.<br />
We. hypothesized. that. explorati<strong>on</strong>. in. the. traditi<strong>on</strong>. <strong>of</strong>. Polo,.<br />
v<strong>on</strong>. Humboldt,. Lewis. and. Clark,. Darwin,. Mead,. and.Armstr<strong>on</strong>g.<br />
was.possible.in.the.21 st .century..Science,.history,.culture,.politics,.<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omics,.art,.media,.and.literature.set.the.stage.up<strong>on</strong>.which.this.<br />
6-week,. 6000-mile. adventure. would. unfold.. Experiencing. wildness,.solitude,.and.diverse.perspectives.would.expand.the.student’s.circle.<strong>of</strong>.understanding.and.acti<strong>on</strong>..Envisi<strong>on</strong>ing.fundamental.limits,.<br />
future. possibilities,.dichotomies,.divides,. shades. <strong>of</strong>. gray,. and.<br />
l<strong>on</strong>g-term.vs..short-term.thinking.would.exercise.their.intellectual,.<br />
emoti<strong>on</strong>al,.and.spiritual.faculties..Over.the.course.<strong>of</strong>.the.expediti<strong>on</strong>,.<br />
we.hoped.students.would.develop.a.sense.<strong>of</strong>.place,.camaraderie,.<br />
and.self-knowledge;.exhibit.courage,.fortitude,.generosity,.and.wisdom;.and.most.importantly,.survive..A.systems.or.holistic.view.<strong>of</strong>.<br />
the.West.became.the.focus.<strong>of</strong>.the.expediti<strong>on</strong>,.a.visi<strong>on</strong>.that.could.<br />
provide.a.framework.for.future.leadership..This.paper.chr<strong>on</strong>icles.<br />
ten.<strong>of</strong>.forty.field.experiences.during.this.transdisciplinary.Western.<br />
odyssey,.summarizes.what.was.learned,.and.suggests.strategies.for.<br />
future.explorati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
312 Science and Law: A Meeting <strong>of</strong> the Minds,. DEBORAH M.<br />
HUSSEy FREELAND. (<strong>University</strong>. <strong>of</strong>. <strong>San</strong>. Francisco. School. <strong>of</strong>.<br />
Law,.2130.Fult<strong>on</strong>.Street,.<strong>San</strong>.Francisco,.CA.94117;.dhusseyfreeland@usfca.edu).Terminological.overlaps.between.science.and.law.can.be.c<strong>on</strong>founding..<br />
These. disciplines. share. many. terms,. but. pivotal. terms.<br />
point.in.different.directi<strong>on</strong>s.in.their.respective.disciplines..Crucial.<br />
terms.that.relate.to.truth.and.pr<strong>of</strong>essi<strong>on</strong>al.judgment.in.both.law.and.<br />
science,.such.as.“fact,”.“uncertainty,”.and.“pro<strong>of</strong>,”.are.superficially.<br />
identical.but.actually.hom<strong>on</strong>ymous..Their.latent.ambiguity.poses.a.<br />
high.risk.that.they.err<strong>on</strong>eously.will.be.regarded.as.identical..When.<br />
scientists. and. lawyers. are. unaware. <strong>of</strong>. the. epistemological. need.<br />
for.interdisciplinary.translati<strong>on</strong>,.their.cooperati<strong>on</strong>.is.unnecessarily.<br />
troubled..<br />
For.instance,.in.a.legal.c<strong>on</strong>text.the.phrase.“scientific.fact”.may.<br />
sound.as.though.it.indicates.a.c<strong>on</strong>clusively.determined.bit.<strong>of</strong>.reality,.<br />
while.if.“fact”.is.used.in.science.it.functi<strong>on</strong>s.more.as.a.placeholder.<br />
indicating.our.best.knowledge.at.the.moment..To.bring.informati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
from.science—in.which.it.is.subject.to.revisi<strong>on</strong>.as.our.understanding.deepens—into.law,.is.to.turn.it.into.something.more.definite.and.<br />
persistent:.to.transform.shades.<strong>of</strong>.grey.into.either.black.or.white..<br />
If.unmarked,.this.redefiniti<strong>on</strong>.can.be.pr<strong>of</strong>oundly.misleading,.as.a.<br />
c<strong>on</strong>text-sensitive.scientific.account.is.silently.rendered.into.a.fixed.<br />
basis.for.legal.judgment..<br />
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