7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...

trophic.levels..Morphological.measurements.and.activities.of.the.
enzymes. lactate. dehydrogenase. (LDH). and. citrate. synthase. (CS).
were.used.to.assess.the.metabolic.status.of.E. superba collected.at.
various.distances.from.free-drifting.icebergs.in.the.Atlantic.sector.
of. the. Southern. Ocean. over. three. seasons.. Krill. collected. during.
late.spring.were.larger.and.had.higher.enzyme.activity.compared.to.
krill.captured.in.late.fall..Male.krill.generally.had.higher.activities.
of. LDH. than. females. (especially. during. the. late. spring),. but. CS.
activities.were.similar.between.males.and.females..There.was.no.
consistent.pattern.in.physical.and.metabolic.indicators.among.krill.
with.distance.from.different.icebergs,.and.in.many.cases.significant.
differences.were.found.in.these.indicators.among.samples.from.the.
same.distance..These.results.suggest.that.physiological.condition.in.
E. superba.is.influenced.primarily.by.seasonal.variation.and.not.by.
proximity.to.an.iceberg.
86 Composition and Structure of Macrozooplankton and Micronekton
Communities in the Vicinity of Free-Drifting Icebergs in the
Southern Ocean, RONALD S. KAUFMANN 1 *, ROB E. SHER-
LOCK 2 , STEPHANIE L. BUSH 3 , KAREN J. OSBORN 4 , DAN-
IELLE N. GARCIA 1 , KIM R. REISENBICHLER 2 , MARy
S. LOWERy 5 , BRUCE H. ROBISON 2 , and KENNETH L.
SMITH, JR. 2 .( 1 Marine.Science.and.Environmental.Studies.Department,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.
92110;. 2 Monterey. Bay.Aquarium. Research. Institute,. 7700. Sandholdt.
Rd.,. Moss. Landing,. CA. 95039;. 3 Department. of. Biological.
Sciences,.University.of.Rhode.Island,.Kingston,.RI.02881;. 4 Institute.of.Marine.Science,.University.of.California.Santa.Cruz,.1156.
High.Street,.Santa.Cruz,.CA.95064;. 5 Biology.Department,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcalá.Park,.San.Diego,.CA,.USA.92110;.
kaufmann@sandiego.edu).
Recent.warming.in.the.Antarctic.has.increased.iceberg.production,.with.ecological.effects.that.are.not.yet.well-understood..We.
studied.macrozooplankton.and.micronekton.in.the.upper.300.m.of.
the.water.column.near.free-drifting.icebergs.in.the.Atlantic.sector.of.
the.Southern.Ocean.during.three.seasons..Communities.were.dominated.
in. all. seasons. by.Antarctic. krill. (Euphausia superba). and.
salps.(Salpa thompsoni),.which.collectively.comprised.60-95%.of.
the.community.wet.biomass.in.most.cases..During.spring.and.summer,.mean.biomass.was.elevated.within.0.4.km.of.large.icebergs.
vs..>9.km.away..No.trend.in.biomass.with.distance.was.apparent.
in.late.fall,.when.total.biomass.was.relatively.low..Biomass.levels.
near.icebergs.during.spring.and.summer.were.comparable.to.values.
from. highly. productive. marginal. ice. zones.. Sample. variance.
also. was. significantly. higher. within. 1.85. km. of. icebergs. during.
spring.and.summer,.reflecting.increased.patchiness.on.scales.of.10 4 .
m 3 ..This.trend.was.not.significant.during.late.fall..Large.predatory.
medusae.were.observed.within.1.85.km.of.icebergs.and.in.areas.
through.which.icebergs.pass.frequently,.but.were.virtually.absent.in.
areas.remote.from.icebergs..Small.euphausiids.showed.an.inverse.
distribution,.with.low.densities.in.areas.populated.by.large.medusae..Our.results.suggest.that.the.macrozooplankton.and.micronekton.
assemblages. near. free-drifting. icebergs. can. be. quantitatively.
and.qualitatively.different.from.those.in.surrounding,.iceberg-free.
waters,.perhaps.due.to.both.bottom-up.and.top-down.processes.as.
well.as.physical.forcing.by.the.passage.of.a.large.object.through.the.
upper.ocean.
ABSTRACTS.–.Symposia
Quantum Retrocausation:
Theory and Experiment, Part II
Tuesday, starting at 8:45 a.m. in KIPJ Rooms A and B
(Continued from Monday; see page 67 of these Proceedings for
Monday abstracts.)
87 Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences
on Human Cognition and Affect,. DARyL J. BEM (Department.
of. Psychology,. Cornell. University,. Uris. Hall,. Ithaca,. NY. 14853;.
d.bem@cornell.edu).
Six. experiments. are. described. that. take. well-established.
psychological. effects. on. human. cognition. and. affect. and. “timereverse”.
them. so. that. the. individual’s. responses. are. obtained.
before. the. putatively. causal. stimulus. events. occur.. For. example,.
two.experiments.tested.for.the.retroactive facilitation of recall:.It.
is.well.known.that.rehearsing.or.practicing.a.set.of.verbal.materials.
enhances.an.individual’s.ability.to.recall.them.on.a.subsequent.test..
In.our.experiment,.participants.are.first.shown.48.common.words.
one.at.a.time.and.are.then.asked.to.recall.as.many.of.those.words.
as.they.can..They.are.then.given.practice.exercises.on.a.randomly.
selected.subset.of.those.words..The.results.show.that.participants.
recalled. more. of. the. words. they. later. practiced. than. the. control.
words.they.did.not.practice..Two.experiments.on.retroactive priming
provide. evidence. for. retroactive. influence. on. an. individual’s.
response.times.when.judging.the.pleasantness.or.unpleasantness.of.
visual.stimuli..Finally,.two.experiments.provide.evidence.for.the.
retroactive habituation to.emotionally.arousing.visual.stimuli..Each.
of.the.six.experiments.was.independently.statistically.significant,.
and.across.all.six,.the.combined.z =.3.66,.p =..0001,.with.an.effect.
size.(d).of.0.25..The.six.experiments.described.are.a.subset.of.nine.
retroactive. influence. experiments. whose. combined. z =. 6.66,. p =.
1.34.×.10-11,.with.an.effect.size.of.0.22
88 Retrocausal Effects as a Consequence of Orthodox Quantum
Mechanics Refined to Accommodate The Principle of Sufficient
Reason, HENRy P. STAPP (Lawrence.Berkeley.National.Laboratory,
University.of.California,.Berkeley,.CA.94720;.hpstapp@lbl.
gov).
The. principle. of. sufficient. reason. asserts. that. anything. that.
happens.does.so.for.a.reason:.no.definite.state.of.affairs.can.come.
into. being. unless. there. is. a. sufficient. reason. why. that. particular.
thing.should.happen..This.principle.is.usually.attributed.to.Leibniz,.although.the.first.recorded.Western.philosopher.to.use.it.was.
Anaximander. of. Miletus..The. demand. that. nature. be. rational,. in.
the.sense.that.it.be.compatible.with.the.principle.of.sufficient.reason,.conflicts.with.a.basic.feature.of.contemporary.orthodox.physical.theory,.namely.the.notion.that.nature’s.response.to.the.probing.
action.of.an.observer.is.determined.by.pure.chance,.and.hence.on.
the.basis.of.absolutely.no.reason.at.all..This.appeal.to.pure.chance.
can. be. deemed. to. have. no. rational. fundamental. place. in. reasonbased.
Western. science.. It. is. argued. here,. on. the. basis. of. other.
basic.principles.of.quantum.physics,.that.in.a.world.that.conforms.
to.the.principle.of.sufficient.reason,.the.usual.quantum.statistical.
rule.will.naturally.emerge.at.the.pragmatic.level,.in.cases.where.
the.reason.behind.nature’s.choice.of.response.is.unknown,.but.that.
the.usual.statistics.can.become.biased.in.an.empirically.manifest.
way.when.the.reason.for.the.choice.is.empirically.identifiable..It.is.
shown.here.that.if.the.quantum.statistical.rule.were.to.be.biased.in.
this.way.then.the.basically.forward-in-time.unfolding.of.empirical.
reality.described.by.orthodox.quantum.mechanics.would.generate.
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