7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...

stakeholders.might.vary.according.to.their.ethical,.political,.or.economical.content..Next.to.the.identification,.systematization.of.these.
claims.is.needed.in.order.to.balance.and.judge.those.with.ethical.
relevance. and. to. identify. morally. conflicting. positions.. The. proposed.stakeholder.analysis.for.ancient.mummy.research.will.start.
with.a.general.introduction.of.stakeholder.theory,.a.presentation.of.
possible.stakeholders.and.their.claims,.and.finally.a.detailed.discussion.of.ethical.claims..The.stakeholder.analysis.can.enrich.the.discussion.of.ancient.mummy.research.in.general.and.the.development.
of.research.guidelines.in.specific.
10 Who Decides What: Ethical Committees, Local Population, Politicians,
Lawyers, or Scientists? NIELS LyNNERUP* and LISE
HARVIG.(Laboratory.of.Biological.Anthropology,.Department.of.
Forensic.Medicine,.University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark;.NLY@
sund.ku.dk).
Natural. science,. as. developed. in. the. 17 th . and. 18 th . centuries,.
involves. utilitarian. and. consequential. thinking.. Analyzing. bone.
tissue.from.archaeologically.found.human.material,.does.not.present.an.ethical.problem,.as.the.aim.and.result.will.add.knowledge.
about.the.past.and.give.us.a.better.understanding.of.our.biocultural.
development..However,.categorical.imperatives.may.be.brought.by.
people. feeling. close. to. the. remains. so. that. handling. and. analyzing.the.bones.is.seen.as.invasive.and.wrong..Following.this.line.
of.ethical.reasoning,.analyzing.human.remains.must.not.be.done..
There. is. no. simple. philosophical. solution. to. these. kinds. of. ethical.
discussions,. as. the. deontological. and. utilitarian. positions. are.
incompatible..To.address.these.problems,.authorities.have.resorted.
to.setting.up.ethics.committees,.to.which.scientists.can.apply.for.
permission. to. perform. analyses.. These. committees. may. also. be.
charged.with.discussing.ethical.principles.for.the.general.population..In.an.archaeological.excavation.involving.human.remains,.the.
use.of.stakeholder.analysis.may.be.advocated,.as.this.is.a.quick.way.
to.ascertain.who.may.play.a.role.in.the.excavation..Setting.up.ethics.committees,.or.outlining.ethical.guidelines,.is.beneficial..Aside.
from.ethical.principles,.we.also.stress.that.scientific.correctness.is.
ethical. in. itself.. Sloppy. handling. of. human. remains. and. botched.
sampling. is. not. only. bad. science,. but. should. also. be. judged. as.
unethical..When.excavating.and.analyzing.human.remains,.ethical.
behaviour.also.implies.correct.documentation.and.the.effort.to.keep.
destructive.sampling.to.a.minimum..Human.remains.must.be.seen.
as.a.fundamentally.different.kind.of.archaeological.material:.they.
must.be.handled.with.respect..The.archaeologists.and.natural.scientists.involved.in.analyses.of.human.remains.must.be.prepared.to.
explain.their.intended.projects,.analyses,.and.ethical.considerations.
to.the.general.public.
11 Death on Display: Lived Life and a Good Story, Ethical Considerations
when Displaying Mummies for a New Museum,.PAULINE
ASINGH. (Moesgaard. Museum,. Aarhus,. Denmark;. c/o. frank.
ruhli@anatom.uzh.ch)..
Grauballe.Man,.the.world’s.best.preserved.bog.body,.is.on.display.at.the.Moesgaard.Museum.in.Denmark..The.exhibition.is.built.
around.the.results.of.new.scientific.investigations.of.the.bog.body.
in.which.ethical.considerations.were.important.in.developing.the.
scenographic.context..The.story.of.life.behind.the.death.has.resulted.
in.a.tremendous.interest.from.our.audience.
In.2014.Moesgaard.Museum.opens.a.new.15,000.m 2 .museum.
of.archaeology.and.social.anthropology..Focus.of.the.exhibitions.
is.man.and.a.good.story..Offset.of.the.stories.lies.mainly.in.new.
ABSTRACTS.–.Symposia
scientific. studies. of. bog. bodies. and. skeletons. from. past. history..
We.let.them.tell.the.story.in.a.whole.new.way.to.identify.with.the.
audience..The.exhibited.bodies.and.human.remains.are.thus.central.to.the.narration..This.also.entails.ethical.considerations,.as.how.
and. when. recognizable,. well-preserved. human. remains. are. to. be.
exhibited,.if.at.all,.and.how.the.human.remains.enter.into.a.broader.
context..In.a.museum.exhibit,.the.questions.of.ethics.are.not.only.
concerned.with.the.human.remains.and.their.provenance.and.ancestry,.etc.,.but.also.with.the.ethical.notions.of.the.visitors.
11a An Historical Perspective on the Display of Egypt’s Royal
Mummies, SALIMA IKRAM (American.University.in.Cairo,.New.
Cairo,.Egypt;.salimaikram@gmail.com)..
This. paper. will. present. the. history. of. display. of. the. royal.
mummies.and.discuss.issues.in.Egypt.that.relate.to.the.display.of.
human.remains.from.ancient.Egypt.
12 Proposal for an Ethical Framework for Ancient Mummy
Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 *, BETTINA M. KREISSL LON-
FAT 1 , INA KAUFMANN 1 , and NIELS LyNNERUP 2 ( 1 Centre.
for. Evolutionary. Medicine,. University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;.
2 Laboratory. of. Biological. Anthropology,. Department. of. Forensic.Medicine,.University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark;.frank.ruhli@
anatom.uzh.ch).
The.debate.on.whether.to.and.if.so.how.to.examine.(and.display).ancient.mummies.is.one.of.great.controversy..One.must.be.
aware.that.the.issue.of.how.to.store,.analyze,.and.communicate.on.
ancient.mummies.in.an.ethical.way.requires.further.discussions.by.
the.research.community.and.a.strong.integration.of.current.local.
ethical.frameworks.and.culture..Based.on.the.stakeholder.approach.
(Kaufmann.and.Ruehli.2010),.we.now.continue.with.a.first.draft.
of.a.general.ethical.framework.that.is.intended.to.provide.ethical.
guidance.in.research.with.artificial.and.natural.mummies,.independent.to.their.culture.of.origin..The.framework.addresses.aspects.of.
the. integrity. of. the. mummy,. questions. of. informed. consent,. and.
the.extent.of.invasive.and.tissue-.destroying.examinations..These.
are. contrasted. with. the. interests. of. the. single. researcher. and. the.
research.community.(e.g..uniqueness.of.the.mummy.as.a.research.
object.and.the.progress.of.knowledge)..We.hope.to.present.a.framework.that.gives.researchers.working.with.human.remains.an.orientation.on.how.to.ethically.treat.these.dead..The.framework.intends.to.guide.progress.in.ancient.mummy.research.in.an.ethical,.desirable,.
and. justifiable. manner.. It. does. not. advocate. for. completely.
stopping. research. with. human. remains.. Thus,. we. do. not. intentionally.recommend.a.specific.solution.or.decision,.but.rather.we.
want.to.stimulate.an.open-minded.discussion..Without.knowing.or.
understanding.the.ethical.concepts.of.the.deceased,.it.is.dangerous.
and.short-sighted.to.assume.the.best.manner.on.how.to.act.in.such.
unique.scientific.situations.
Kaufmann,. I.. M.. and. Ruehli,. F.. J.. 2010.. Without. ‘Informed. Consent’?.
Ethics.and.Ancient.Mummy.Research. Journal of Medical Ethics,.36(10):.
608-613.
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