14.12.2012 Views

Complex Analysis - Maths KU

Complex Analysis - Maths KU

Complex Analysis - Maths KU

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

f(z) =<br />

6.3 Laurent Series 331<br />

Solution<br />

(a) As in parts (c) and (d) of Example 2, we want only powers of z − 1 and<br />

so we need to express z − 3 in terms of z − 1.This can be done by writing<br />

f(z) =<br />

�<br />

1<br />

1+<br />

4(z − 3)<br />

(−2)<br />

1!<br />

1<br />

(z − 1) 2 (z − 3) =<br />

1<br />

(z − 1) 2<br />

1<br />

−2+(z − 1) =<br />

−1<br />

2(z − 1) 2<br />

1<br />

z − 1<br />

1 −<br />

2<br />

and then using (6) of Section 6.1 with the symbol z replaced by (z − 1)/2,<br />

f(z) =<br />

= −<br />

−1<br />

2(z − 1) 2<br />

�<br />

z − 1 (z − 1)2<br />

1+ +<br />

2 22 + (z − 1)3<br />

23 �<br />

+ ···<br />

1 1 1 1<br />

− − − (z − 1) −···. (16)<br />

2(z − 1) 2 4(z − 1) 8 16<br />

(b) To obtain powers of z − 3, we write z − 1=2+(z − 3) and<br />

f(z) =<br />

=<br />

1<br />

(z − 1) 2 We now factor 2<br />

from this expression<br />

1<br />

� �� �<br />

= [2+(z − 3)]<br />

(z − 3) z − 3<br />

−2<br />

�<br />

1<br />

1+<br />

4(z − 3)<br />

�−2 z − 3<br />

2<br />

At this point we can obtain a power series for<br />

binomial expansion, †<br />

� z − 3<br />

2<br />

�<br />

+ (−2)(−3)<br />

2!<br />

� �2 z − 3<br />

2<br />

�<br />

1+<br />

+ (−2)(−3)(−4)<br />

3!<br />

�−2 z − 3<br />

by using the<br />

2<br />

� � �<br />

3<br />

z − 3<br />

+ ··· .<br />

2<br />

The binomial series in the brackets is valid for |(z − 3)/2| < 1 or<br />

1<br />

|z − 3| < 2.Multiplying this series by gives a Laurent series<br />

4(z − 3)<br />

that is valid for 0 < |z − 3| < 2:<br />

f(z) =<br />

1 1 3 1<br />

− + (z − 3) −<br />

4(z − 3) 4 16 8 (z − 3)2 + ··· .<br />

† For α real, the binomial series (1+z) α α(α − 1)<br />

=1+αz+ z<br />

2!<br />

2 α(α − 1)(α − 2)<br />

+ z<br />

3!<br />

3 +···<br />

is valid for |z| < 1.

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!