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The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a
The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a
The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a
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<strong>The</strong> <strong>Delft</strong> <strong>Sand</strong>, <strong>Clay</strong> & <strong>Rock</strong> <strong>Cutting</strong> <strong>Model</strong>.<br />
xxii
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Delft</strong> <strong>Sand</strong>, <strong>Clay</strong> & <strong>Rock</strong> <strong>Cutting</strong> <strong>Model</strong>. xxii
Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1. Approach. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Delft</strong> <strong>Sand</strong>, <strong>Clay</strong> & <strong>Rock</strong> <strong>Cutting</strong> <strong>Model</strong>. This book gives an overview of cutting theories for the cutting of sand, clay and rock as applied in dredging engineering. In dredging engineering in general sand, clay and rock are excavated with buckets of bucket ladder dredges, cutter heads of cutter suction dredges, dredging wheels of wheel dredges, drag heads of trailing suction hopper dredges, clamshells, backhoes and other devices. Usually the blades have a width much larger than the layer thickness of the cut (2D process) and the blade angles of these devices are not too large in the range of 30°- 60°. Although clamshells and backhoes may have blade angles around 90° when they start cutting. Other devices like drill bits of oil drilling devices, blades of tunnel boring machines, ice berg scour and the bull dozer effect in front of a drag head may have cutting angles larger than 90°. In such a case a different cutting mechanism is encountered, the so called wedge mechanism. <strong>The</strong> book starts with some basic soil mechanics, the Mohr circle and active and passive soil failure in Chapter 2: Basic Soil Mechanics. <strong>The</strong>se topics can also be found in any good soil mechanics book, but covering this makes the reader familiar with the use of the many trigonometrically equations and derivations as applied in the cutting theories. A generic cutting theory for small blade angles is derived in Chapter 3: <strong>The</strong> General <strong>Cutting</strong> Process. This generic cutting theory assumes a 2D plane strain cutting process, where the failure lines are considered to be straight lines. <strong>The</strong> generic cutting theory takes all the possible forces into account. One can distinguish normal and friction forces, cohesive and adhesive forces, gravitational and inertial forces and pore vacuum pressure forces. Six types of cutting mechanisms are distinguished; the Shear Type, the Flow Type, the Curling Type, the Tear Type, the Crushed Type and the Chip Type. <strong>The</strong> Shear Type, the Flow Type and the Crushed Type are mathematically equivalent. <strong>The</strong> Chip Type is a mix of the Shear Type and the Tear Type. <strong>The</strong> generic theory also contains a chapter on the so called snow plough effect, a blade not perpendicular to the direction of the cutting velocity like a snow plough. Finally the methods for determining the shear plane angle and the specific energy are discussed. In Chapter 4: Which <strong>Cutting</strong> Mechanism for Which Kind of Soil? it is discussed which terms in the generic equation are valid in which type of soil. A matrix is given to enable the reader to determine the terms and soil properties of influence. <strong>The</strong> following chapters give the 2D theory of soil cutting with small blade angles that will enable the reader to determine the cutting forces, powers and production in different types of soil. Dry sand cutting is dominated by gravitational and inertial forces and by the internal and external friction angles. <strong>The</strong> cutting mechanism is the Shear Type. This is covered in Chapter 5: Dry <strong>Sand</strong> <strong>Cutting</strong>. Saturated sand cutting is dominated by pore vacuum pressure forces and by the internal and external friction angles. <strong>The</strong> cutting mechanism is the Shear Type. This is covered in Chapter 6: Saturated <strong>Sand</strong> <strong>Cutting</strong>. <strong>Clay</strong> cutting is dominated by cohesive (internal shear strength) and adhesive (external shear strength) forces. <strong>The</strong> basic cutting mechanism is the Flow Type. <strong>Cutting</strong> a thin layer, combined with a high adhesive force may result in the Curling Type mechanism. <strong>Cutting</strong> a thick layer combined with a small adhesive force and a low tensile strength may result in the Tear Type mechanism. This is covered in Chapter 7: <strong>Clay</strong> <strong>Cutting</strong>. <strong>Rock</strong> cutting under atmospheric conditions (normal dredging) is dominated by the internal shear strength and by the internal and external friction angles. <strong>The</strong> main cutting mechanism is the Chip Type a mix of the Shear Type and the Tear Type, brittle cutting. At small blade angles the pure Tear Type may occur, at large blade angle the pure Shear Type. <strong>Cutting</strong> a very thin layer or using large blade angles may result in the Crushed Type. This is covered in Chapter 8: <strong>Rock</strong> <strong>Cutting</strong>: Atmospheric Conditions. <strong>Rock</strong> cutting under hyperbaric conditions (deep sea mining) is dominated by the internal shear strength, the pore vacuum pressure forces and by the internal and external friction angles. <strong>The</strong> main cutting mechanism is the Crushed Type, cataclastic semi-ductile cutting. This is covered in Chapter 9: <strong>Rock</strong> <strong>Cutting</strong>: Hyperbaric Conditions. Copyright © Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema TOC Page 1 of 454
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-38:
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-43:
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.8. The Mohr
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Squaring equa
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-48:
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.9. Active S
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Basic Soil Mechanics.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.10. Passive
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cos sin cos sin 1 1 sin
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.11. Summary
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2.12. Shear Strength versus Frictio
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.13. Nomencl
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The General Cutting Process. Chapte
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The General Cutting Process. 10. β
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The General Cutting Process. The fo
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The General Cutting Process. W2 si
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The General Cutting Process.
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The General Cutting Process.
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3.6. The Snow Plough Effect. The Ge
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The General Cutting Process. The ve
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3.6.5. The Resulting Cutting Forces
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The General Cutting Process. Q c Pc
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Which Cutting Mechanism for Which K
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Which Cutting Mechanism for Which K
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Which Cutting Mechanism for Which K
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Which Cutting Mechanism for Which K
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4.6. Summary. Which Cutting Mechani
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Chapter 5: Dry Sand Cutting. 5.1. I
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Dry Sand Cutting. The force K1 on t
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Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
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Dry Sand Cutting. 2 v s i VD F
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Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
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Dry Sand Cutting. Shear Angle β vs
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Dry Sand Cutting. 5.6. Specific Ene
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5.8. Experiments in Dry Sand. 5.8.1
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Dry Sand Cutting. 5.8.2. Wismer & L
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Chapter 6: Saturated Sand Cutting.
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 2 ci c i F
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Saturated Sand Cutting. the Waterlo
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The normal
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-8:
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-10
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-14
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6.7. The Blade Tip Problem. Saturat
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Saturated Sand Cutting. s2 0.8 L
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Saturated Sand Cutting. However Fig
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Saturated Sand Cutting. S1=L1*(1-I/
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.9. Determ
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' h Saturated Sand Cutting.
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-26
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Saturated Sand Cutting. α=45° and
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.1. Spe
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 100.0 SPT v
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.2. The
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-33
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13. Exper
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The tests a
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Saturated Sand Cutting. old laborat
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-45
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.2. Tes
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Saturated Sand Cutting. side effect
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.7. Com
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Saturated Sand Cutting. which the t
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The dimensi
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 10 Partial
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The equatio
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 0.30 No Cav
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Saturated Sand Cutting. P4 (bar) P3
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Preal Real
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Clay Cutting. Chapter 7: Clay Cutti
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Clay Cutting. 7.3. The Influence of
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Clay Cutting. From this equation, s
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Clay Cutting. a material on which a
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Clay Cutting. 7.3.4. The Proposed T
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Clay Cutting. 100 90 Shear Strength
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Clay Cutting. 7.3.6. Abelev & Valen
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Clay Cutting. 2500 The Strain Rate
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Clay Cutting. 7.4. The Flow Type. 7
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Clay Cutting. F s ch i w s ah b
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Clay Cutting. Figure 7-22 shows the
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Clay Cutting. The Horizontal Cuttin
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Clay Cutting. 7.5. The Tear Type. 7
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7.5.3. The Mobilized Shear Strength
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7.5.4. The Resulting Cutting Forces
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Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
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Clay Cutting. This gives for the no
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Clay Cutting. Substituting equation
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Clay Cutting. Figure 7-34: The equi
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Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
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Clay Cutting. 0.30 Vertical Cutting
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Clay Cutting. 1000 Clay Cutting Esp
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Clay Cutting. Shear Angle β vs. Bl
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Clay Cutting. Horizontal Cutting Fo
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Clay Cutting. 7.9. Nomenclature. a
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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8.2.3. Based on UTS and UCS. Rock C
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8.2.5. Hoek & Brown (1988). Rock Cu
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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8.3. Cutting Models. Rock Cutting:
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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8.3.5. The Nishimatsu Model. Rock C
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sin Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Cond
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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9.8. Specific Energy Graphs. Rock C
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. Chapter
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. 19. A fo
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. h 4 4
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10.3. The Equilibrium of Moments. T
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Chapte
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. The no
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Figure
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11.4. Results of some Calculations.
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.5.
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.6.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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12.4. The Equilibrium of Moments. A
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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12.8. Experiments. A Wedge in Satur
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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12.10. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Sat
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Chapter 13
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. on the equ
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Figure 13-
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. L3 L7
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A Wedge in Atmospheric Rock Cutting
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A Wedge in Atmospheric Rock Cutting
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A Wedge in Atmospheric Rock Cutting
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14.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Atmo
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A Wedge in Hyperbaric Rock Cutting.
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A Wedge in Hyperbaric Rock Cutting.
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A Wedge in Hyperbaric Rock Cutting.
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15.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Hype
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Exercises. Chapter 16: Exercises. 1
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Exercises. 16.2.8. Calc.: Bulldozer
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Exercises. 16.3. Chapter 3: The Gen
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Exercises. 16.4.5. MC: Hyperbaric R
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Exercises. 16.6. Chapter 6: Water S
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Exercises. 2 2 1 w c i c g v h
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Exercises. F: Determine the pore pr
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Exercises. E sp Fh vc Fh Fh 10
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Exercises. 1,000 Pore Pressures on
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Exercises. A tensile strength of -2
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Exercises. Shear Stress vs. Normal
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Exercises. 70 60 50 40 Shear Stress
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Exercises. 16.8.4. Calc.: Cutting F
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Exercises. 16.8.5. Calc.: Cutting F
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Exercises. 16.9. Chapter 9: Hyperba
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Bibliography. Chapter 17: Bibliogra
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Bibliography. Miedema, S. (1989, De
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Figures & Tables. Chapter 18: Figur
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Figures & Tables. Figure 5-20: The
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Figures & Tables. Figure 8-5: Const
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Figures & Tables. Figure 12-11: The
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18.2. List of Figures in Appendices
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Figures & Tables. Figure U-2: Speci
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Figures & Tables. Figure Y-27: A la
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Figures & Tables. 18.3. List of Tab
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18.4. List of Tables in Appendices.
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Appendices. Chapter 19: Appendices.
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Active & Passive Soil Failure Coeff
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Appe
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.1.
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.1.
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.2
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.2.
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.2.
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.3
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Perc
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Dimensionless Pore Pressures p1m &
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The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
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The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
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Appendix E: The Coefficient c1. The
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The Coefficient c1. Table E-3: c1 f
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Appendix F: The Coefficient c2. The
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The Coefficient c2. Table F-3: c2 f
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Appendix G: The Coefficient a1. The
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The Coefficient a1. Table G-3: a1 f
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The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Appe
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The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Tabl
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Appendix I: The Coefficient d1. The
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The Coefficient d1. Table I-3: d1 f
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Appendix J: The Coefficient d2. The
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The Coefficient d2. Table J-3: d2 f
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The Properties of the 200 μm Sand.
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The Properties of the 200 μm Sand.
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The Properties of the 105 μm Sand.
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The Properties of the 105 μm Sand.
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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The Snow Plough Effect. Appendix N:
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The Snow Plough Effect. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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The Snow Plough Effect. 12.0 9.6 Fh
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The Snow Plough Effect. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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The Snow Plough Effect. 20.0 16.0 F
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The Snow Plough Effect. 12.0 9.6 Fh
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Specific Energy in Sand. Appendix O
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Specific Energy in Sand. 2500 Speci
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Appendix
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Append
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Figure
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S.3 The 75 Degree Blade. FEM Calcul
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Figure
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Figure
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Appendix T: Force Triangles. Force
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Force Triangles. Figure T-3: The fo
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Force Triangles. Figure T-5: The fo
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Specific Energy in Clay. Appendix U
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Specific Energy in Clay. 6000 Speci
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Clay Cutting Charts. Appendix V: Cl
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Clay Cutting Charts. The Vertical C
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Clay Cutting Charts. Shear Angle β
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Clay Cutting Charts. V.3 The Curlin
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Rock Cutting Charts. Appendix W: Ro
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.2 The Transi
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.5 Brittle Te
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.6 Brittle Te
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. App
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.2
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.3
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.4
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.5
- Page 655 and 656:
Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
- Page 657 and 658:
Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.6
- Page 659 and 660:
Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
- Page 661 and 662:
Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.7
- Page 663 and 664:
Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
- Page 665 and 666:
Applications & Equipment. Appendix
- Page 667 and 668:
Y.2 Bucket Ladder Dredges. Applicat
- Page 669 and 670:
Y.3 Cutter Suction Dredges. Applica
- Page 671 and 672:
Applications & Equipment. Figure Y-
- Page 673 and 674:
Applications & Equipment. Y.4 Trail
- Page 675 and 676:
Applications & Equipment. Figure Y-
- Page 677 and 678:
Y.5 Backhoe Dredges. Applications &
- Page 679 and 680:
Y.6 Clamshell Dredges. Applications
- Page 681 and 682:
Applications & Equipment. Figure Y-
- Page 683 and 684:
Y.7 Bucket Wheel Dredges. Applicati
- Page 685 and 686:
Y.8 Braun Kohle Bergbau. Applicatio
- Page 687 and 688:
Y.9 Deep Sea Mining. Applications &
- Page 689 and 690:
Applications & Equipment. Figure Y-
- Page 691 and 692:
Y.10 Cable Trenching. Applications
- Page 693 and 694:
Y.11 Offshore Pipeline Trenching. A
- Page 695 and 696:
Y.12 Dry Trenching. Applications &
- Page 697 and 698:
Applications & Equipment. Y.13 PDC
- Page 699 and 700:
Applications & Equipment. Y.14 Bull
- Page 701 and 702:
Applications & Equipment. Y.15 Dry
- Page 703 and 704:
Y.16 Tunnel Boring Machines. Applic
- Page 705 and 706:
Publications. Appendix Z: Publicati
- Page 707 and 708:
Publications. 52. Miedema, S.A.,
- Page 710:
The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
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