The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a

Figures & Tables.
Chapter 18:
Figures & Tables.
18.1. List of Figures.
Figure 1-1: Different types of dredging equipment. ................................................................................................ 2
Figure 1-2: A rock cutter head with pick points. ..................................................................................................... 3
Figure 1-3: The author on the clamshell dredge “Chicago” of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock. ................................ 4
Figure 1-4: The author on the backhoe dredge “New York” of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock................................ 4
Figure 2-1: Earthwork in Germany (source Wikimedia). ....................................................................................... 6
Figure 2-2: Fox glacier, New Zealand (source Wikimedia). ................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-3: Soil naming according to USDA. ......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2-4: Soil failure (www.4isfge.org). .............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 2-5: The Wenjiagou landslide (blogs.agu.org)............................................................................................10
Figure 2-6: Karl von Terzaghi, one of the founders of modern soil mechanics. ....................................................10
Figure 2-7: Sand from the Gobi desert, Mongolia (source Wikimedia). ................................................................11
Figure 2-8: Sand in the Sahara desert (source Luca Galuzzi – www.galuzzi.it) ....................................................12
Figure 2-9: Quaternary clay in Estonia (source Wikimedia) ..................................................................................13
Figure 2-10: Varved clay, Little River State Park, Waterbury, Vermont (source www.anr.state.vt.us). ..............14
Figure 2-11: Sample of igneous gabbro, Rock Creek Canyon, California (source Wikimedia). ...........................15
Figure 2-12: Sandstone formations, Vermillion Cliffs, Arizona (source www.reddit.com). .................................17
Figure 2-13: Columns of Basalt of the Scottish Island of Staffa (National Geographic). ......................................17
Figure 2-14 A: Aid to identification of rock for engineering purposes (After BS 5930:1981). ............................18
Figure 2-15 B: Aid to identification of rock for engineering purposes (After BS 5930:1981). ............................19
Figure 2-16: Utica Shale, Fort Plain, New York (Wikipedia). ...............................................................................20
Figure 2-17: The rock formation cycle (galleryhip.com). ......................................................................................20
Figure 2-18: The particle size distributions of the sands used by Roberts et al. (1998). .......................................21
Figure 2-19: Liquid limit device. ...........................................................................................................................22
Figure 2-20: Liquid limit device. ...........................................................................................................................22
Figure 2-21: The relation between SL, PL, LL and PI. ..........................................................................................23
Figure 2-22: SPT values versus relative density (Miedema (1995). ......................................................................26
Figure 2-23: Friction angle versus SPT value (Miedema (1995). ..........................................................................31
Figure 2-24: A UCS test facility (Timely Engineering Soil Tests, LLC). ..............................................................34
Figure 2-25: Bending (Vlasblom (2003-2007)). ...................................................................................................34
Figure 2-26: The Brazilian split test (Vlasblom (2003-2007)). ..............................................................................35
Figure 2-27: Diagram showing definitions and directions for Darcy’s law. ..........................................................40
Figure 2-28: Brittle failure types (Vlasblom (2003-2007)). ...................................................................................42
Figure 2-29: Brittle-ductile failure of marble (M.S. Patterson, Australian National University). ..........................42
Figure 2-30: A set of sieves (Essa Australia from: www.directindustry.com). ......................................................43
Figure 2-31: The Standard Penetration Test (www.shalviengineering.com). ........................................................44
Figure 2-32: A typical CPT test setup (www.geotechdata.com). ...........................................................................46
Figure 2-33: Several configurations of cones (www.geotechdata.info). ................................................................46
Figure 2-34: Several cone configurations. .............................................................................................................47
Figure 2-35: The Triaxial apparatus (www.geotechdata.info). ..............................................................................48
Figure 2-36: The Triaxial apparatus cross-section (civilblog.org). ........................................................................49
Figure 2-37: The direct shear test. ..........................................................................................................................50
Figure 2-38: The vane shear test (English.geocpt.es).............................................................................................51
Figure 2-39: Shear vane and Torvane for soil testing (www.humboldtmfg.com). .................................................51
Figure 2-40: Point load test facility (inside.mines.edu). ........................................................................................52
Figure 2-41: Brazilian splitting tension test. ..........................................................................................................52
Figure 2-42: BTS zoomed. .....................................................................................................................................52
Figure 2-43: A BTS test after failure. ....................................................................................................................53
Figure 2-44: The stresses on a soil element. ..........................................................................................................55
Figure 2-45: The forces on a soil element. .............................................................................................................55
Figure 2-46: The resulting Mohr circle for cohesion less soil. ...............................................................................58
Figure 2-47: Determining the angle of internal friction from tri-axial tests of cohesion less soil. .........................58
Figure 2-48: The Mohr circle for soil with cohesion. ............................................................................................59
Figure 2-49: Determining the angle of internal friction from tri-axial tests of soil with cohesion. .......................59
Figure 2-50: An example of Mohr circles resulting in an internal friction angle and cohesion (www.dplot.com).
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