The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a

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The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model. © 2014-2017: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema Preliminary edition: ISBN Book: 978-94-6186-249-5 ISBN EBook: 978-94-6186-252-5 1 st edition, 2014: ISBN Book: 978-1-61499-453-4 ISBN EBook: 978-1-61499-454-1 DOI: 10.3233/978-1-61499-454-1-i 2 nd edition, 2015, version: Friday, February 10, 2017: ISBN Book: 978-94-6186-537-3 ISBN EBook: 978-94-6186-539-7 iv
The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model. Modifications & Additions Chapter 1: Added two photos of a clamshell and a backhoe. Chapter 2.2: Added Soil Mechanics. Chapter 2.3: Added Soils. Chapter 2.4: Added Soil Mechanical Parameters. Chapter 2.5: Added Criteria & Concepts. Chapter 2.6: Added Soil Mechanical Tests. Chapter 2.8: Modified the derivation of the Mohr circle. Added the force balance. Added graph with Mohr circles. Chapter 2.9: Modified the derivation of active soil failure. Added many steps in derivation. Added photo of active failure. Chapter 2.10: Modified the derivation of passive soil failure. Added many steps in derivation. Added photo of passive failure. Chapter 3.6: Added photo of the snow plough effect. Chapter 4.1: Added equations for dry sand cutting. Chapter 4.2: Added equations for saturated sand cutting. Chapter 4.3: Added equations for clay cutting. Chapter 4.4: Added equations for atmospheric rock cutting. Chapter 4.5: Added equations for hyperbaric rock cutting. Chapter 5.7: Added a photo of dry sand cutting. Chapter 5.9: Added a photo of dry sand cutting. Chapter 6.8: Modified captions of Fig. 6-21, 6-22 and 6-23. Chapter 6.11: Added approximation equations of all coefficients. Chapter 6.12: Modified equation 6-93 to 6-95. Chapter 6.12: Modified equation 6-96 and added equation 6-97. Chapter 6.12: Modified equation 6-99. Chapter 7.3: Added data of Abelev & Valent. Chapter 7.7: Added graphs and Mohr circles. Chapter 8.2: Added Cutting Process & Failure Criteria. Added some relations. Chapter 8.2: Added Brittle versus Ductile. Chapter 8.2: Added failure criteria based on UTS and UCS. Chapter 8.2: Added failure criteria based on BTS and UCS. Chapter 8.2: Added failure criteria based on Hoek & Brown. Chapter 8.2: Added failure criteria based on parabolic envelope UTS and UCS. Chapter 8.2: Added failure criteria based on ellipsoid envelope UTS and UCS. Chapter 8.2: Added failure criteria based on linear failure criterion. Chapter 8.2: Added the Griffith criterion. Chapter 8.8: Added graphs transition brittle shear/brittle tensile. Chapter 8.9: Added resulting forces & Mohr circles. Chapter 8.10: Added example. Chapter 9.2: Added specific energy graph. Chapter 9.4: Added specific energy graph. Chapter 9.5: Modified the vertical force coefficient graph. Chapter 9.5: Added specific energy graph. Chapter 9.7: Added example. Chapter 10: Equations 10.1-10.14 The angle alpha is replaced by the angle teta. Chapter 11: Equations 11.1-11.15 The angle alpha is replaced by the angle teta. Chapter 12: Equations 12.1-12.10 The angle alpha is replaced by the angle teta. Chapter 13: Equations 13.1-13.8 The angle alpha is replaced by the angle teta. Chapter 14: Equations 14.1-14.6 The angle alpha is replaced by the angle teta. Chapter 15: Equations 15.1-15.14 The angle alpha is replaced by the angle teta. Chapter 16: Added Exercises. Chapter 16.2: Added basic soil mechanics exercises. Chapter 16.3: Added the general cutting process exercises. Chapter 16.4: Added which cutting mechanism exercises. Chapter 16.5: Added dry sand cutting exercises. Chapter 16.6: Added water saturated sand cutting exercises. Chapter 16.7: Added clay cutting exercises. v
Page 1: The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
Page 5 and 6: The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
Page 7: The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1. Appro
Page 29 and 30: Introduction. In dry sand cutting t
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.
Page 33 and 34: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.2.2. Soil C
Page 35 and 36: Basic Soil Mechanics. soil characte
Page 37 and 38: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3. Soils. 2
Page 39 and 40: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3.2. Clay.
Page 41 and 42: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3.3. Rock.
Page 43 and 44: Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-12:
Page 45 and 46: Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-15 B
Page 47 and 48: 2.4. Soil Mechanical Parameters. Ba
Page 49 and 50: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.4.2.4. Impo
Page 51 and 52: Basic Soil Mechanics. Table 2-3: Em
Page 53 and 54: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.4.3.4. Poro
Page 55 and 56: Basic Soil Mechanics. 3 3 2 l e 3 g
Page 57 and 58: Basic Soil Mechanics. 46 Friction a
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Basic Soil Mechanics. c tan (2-
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2.4.9. Unconfined Tensile Strength.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.5. Criteria
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Basic Soil Mechanics. increase, to
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Table 2-14: T
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2.6. Soil Mechanical Tests. 2.6.1.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. be regarded a
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-34:
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2.6.5.1. Consolidated Drained (CD).
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.8. The Mohr
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Squaring equa
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.9. Active S
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Basic Soil Mechanics.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.10. Passive
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cos sin cos sin 1 1 sin
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.11. Summary
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2.12. Shear Strength versus Frictio
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.13. Nomencl
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The General Cutting Process. Chapte
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The General Cutting Process. 10. β
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The General Cutting Process. The fo
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The General Cutting Process. W2 si
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The General Cutting Process.
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The General Cutting Process.
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3.6. The Snow Plough Effect. The Ge
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The General Cutting Process. The ve
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3.6.5. The Resulting Cutting Forces
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The General Cutting Process. Q c Pc
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Which Cutting Mechanism for Which K
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4.6. Summary. Which Cutting Mechani
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Chapter 5: Dry Sand Cutting. 5.1. I
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Dry Sand Cutting. The force K1 on t
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Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
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Dry Sand Cutting. 2 v s i VD F
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Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
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Dry Sand Cutting. Shear Angle β vs
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Dry Sand Cutting. 5.6. Specific Ene
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5.8. Experiments in Dry Sand. 5.8.1
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Dry Sand Cutting. 5.8.2. Wismer & L
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Chapter 6: Saturated Sand Cutting.
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 2 ci c i F
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Saturated Sand Cutting. the Waterlo
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The normal
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-8:
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-10
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6.7. The Blade Tip Problem. Saturat
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Saturated Sand Cutting. s2 0.8 L
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Saturated Sand Cutting. However Fig
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Saturated Sand Cutting. S1=L1*(1-I/
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.9. Determ
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' h Saturated Sand Cutting.
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Saturated Sand Cutting. α=45° and
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.1. Spe
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 100.0 SPT v
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.2. The
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13. Exper
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The tests a
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Saturated Sand Cutting. old laborat
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.2. Tes
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Saturated Sand Cutting. side effect
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.7. Com
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Saturated Sand Cutting. which the t
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The dimensi
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 10 Partial
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The equatio
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 0.30 No Cav
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Saturated Sand Cutting. P4 (bar) P3
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Preal Real
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Clay Cutting. Chapter 7: Clay Cutti
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Clay Cutting. 7.3. The Influence of
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Clay Cutting. From this equation, s
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Clay Cutting. a material on which a
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Clay Cutting. 7.3.4. The Proposed T
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Clay Cutting. 100 90 Shear Strength
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Clay Cutting. 7.3.6. Abelev & Valen
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Clay Cutting. 2500 The Strain Rate
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Clay Cutting. 7.4. The Flow Type. 7
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Clay Cutting. F s ch i w s ah b
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Clay Cutting. Figure 7-22 shows the
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Clay Cutting. The Horizontal Cuttin
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Clay Cutting. 7.5. The Tear Type. 7
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7.5.3. The Mobilized Shear Strength
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7.5.4. The Resulting Cutting Forces
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Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
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Clay Cutting. This gives for the no
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Clay Cutting. Substituting equation
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Clay Cutting. Figure 7-34: The equi
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Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
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Clay Cutting. 0.30 Vertical Cutting
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Clay Cutting. 1000 Clay Cutting Esp
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Clay Cutting. Shear Angle β vs. Bl
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Clay Cutting. Horizontal Cutting Fo
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Clay Cutting. 7.9. Nomenclature. a
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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8.2.3. Based on UTS and UCS. Rock C
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8.2.5. Hoek & Brown (1988). Rock Cu
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8.3. Cutting Models. Rock Cutting:
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8.3.5. The Nishimatsu Model. Rock C
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sin Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Cond
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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9.8. Specific Energy Graphs. Rock C
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. Chapter
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. 19. A fo
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. h 4 4
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10.3. The Equilibrium of Moments. T
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Chapte
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. The no
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Figure
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11.4. Results of some Calculations.
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.5.
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.6.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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12.4. The Equilibrium of Moments. A
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12.8. Experiments. A Wedge in Satur
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12.10. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Sat
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Chapter 13
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. on the equ
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Figure 13-
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. L3 L7
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A Wedge in Atmospheric Rock Cutting
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14.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Atmo
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A Wedge in Hyperbaric Rock Cutting.
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15.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Hype
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Exercises. Chapter 16: Exercises. 1
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Exercises. 16.2.8. Calc.: Bulldozer
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Exercises. 16.3. Chapter 3: The Gen
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Exercises. 16.4.5. MC: Hyperbaric R
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Exercises. 16.6. Chapter 6: Water S
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Exercises. 2 2 1 w c i c g v h
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Exercises. F: Determine the pore pr
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Exercises. E sp Fh vc Fh Fh 10
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Exercises. 1,000 Pore Pressures on
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Exercises. A tensile strength of -2
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Exercises. Shear Stress vs. Normal
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Exercises. 70 60 50 40 Shear Stress
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Exercises. 16.8.4. Calc.: Cutting F
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Exercises. 16.8.5. Calc.: Cutting F
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Exercises. 16.9. Chapter 9: Hyperba
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Bibliography. Chapter 17: Bibliogra
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Bibliography. Miedema, S. (1989, De
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Figures & Tables. Chapter 18: Figur
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Figures & Tables. Figure 5-20: The
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Figures & Tables. Figure 8-5: Const
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Figures & Tables. Figure 12-11: The
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18.2. List of Figures in Appendices
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Figures & Tables. Figure U-2: Speci
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Figures & Tables. Figure Y-27: A la
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Figures & Tables. 18.3. List of Tab
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18.4. List of Tables in Appendices.
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Appendices. Chapter 19: Appendices.
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Active & Passive Soil Failure Coeff
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Appe
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.1.
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.2
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.3
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Perc
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Dimensionless Pore Pressures p1m &
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The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
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The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
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Appendix E: The Coefficient c1. The
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The Coefficient c1. Table E-3: c1 f
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Appendix F: The Coefficient c2. The
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The Coefficient c2. Table F-3: c2 f
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Appendix G: The Coefficient a1. The
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The Coefficient a1. Table G-3: a1 f
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The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Appe
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The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Tabl
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Appendix I: The Coefficient d1. The
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The Coefficient d1. Table I-3: d1 f
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Appendix J: The Coefficient d2. The
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The Coefficient d2. Table J-3: d2 f
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The Properties of the 200 μm Sand.
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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The Snow Plough Effect. Appendix N:
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The Snow Plough Effect. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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The Snow Plough Effect. 20.0 16.0 F
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Specific Energy in Sand. Appendix O
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Specific Energy in Sand. 2500 Speci
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Appendix
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Append
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Figure
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S.3 The 75 Degree Blade. FEM Calcul
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Appendix T: Force Triangles. Force
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Force Triangles. Figure T-3: The fo
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Force Triangles. Figure T-5: The fo
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Specific Energy in Clay. Appendix U
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Specific Energy in Clay. 6000 Speci
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Clay Cutting Charts. Appendix V: Cl
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Clay Cutting Charts. The Vertical C
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Clay Cutting Charts. Shear Angle β
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Clay Cutting Charts. V.3 The Curlin
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Rock Cutting Charts. Appendix W: Ro
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.2 The Transi
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.5 Brittle Te
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.6 Brittle Te
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. App
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.2
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Applications & Equipment. Appendix
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Y.2 Bucket Ladder Dredges. Applicat
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Y.3 Cutter Suction Dredges. Applica
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Applications & Equipment. Figure Y-
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Applications & Equipment. Y.4 Trail
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Y.5 Backhoe Dredges. Applications &
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Y.6 Clamshell Dredges. Applications
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Y.7 Bucket Wheel Dredges. Applicati
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Y.8 Braun Kohle Bergbau. Applicatio
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Y.9 Deep Sea Mining. Applications &
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Y.10 Cable Trenching. Applications
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Y.11 Offshore Pipeline Trenching. A
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Y.12 Dry Trenching. Applications &
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Applications & Equipment. Y.13 PDC
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Applications & Equipment. Y.14 Bull
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Applications & Equipment. Y.15 Dry
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Y.16 Tunnel Boring Machines. Applic
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Publications. Appendix Z: Publicati
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Publications. 52. Miedema, S.A.,
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The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
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