The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a

Figures & Tables.
Figure Y-27: A large backhoe dredge. ............................................................................................................ Y-197
Figure Y-28: The Goliath (van Oord). ............................................................................................................ Y-198
Figure Y-29: The New York (Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company). ........................................................ Y-198
Figure Y-30: Line art drawing of a dredge (Pearson Scott Foresman). ........................................................... Y-199
Figure Y-31: The Chicago (Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company). ............................................................ Y-200
Figure Y-32: The Chicago (Great Lakes Dredge & Dock company). ............................................................. Y-200
Figure Y-33: The biggest clamshell in the world. ........................................................................................... Y-201
Figure Y-34: The Chicago (Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company). ............................................................ Y-201
Figure Y-35: A deep sea mining clamshell (Seatools). ................................................................................... Y-202
Figure_Apx Y-36: Artists impression of a clamshell operation. ..................................................................... Y-202
Figure Y-37: A bucket wheel dredge (IHC). ................................................................................................... Y-203
Figure Y-38: A bucket wheel dredge (China Hi Sea). .................................................................................... Y-203
Figure Y-39: Dredging wheel (IHC). .............................................................................................................. Y-204
Figure Y-40: Dredging wheel (IHC). .............................................................................................................. Y-204
Figure Y-41: The world’s largest excavator. ................................................................................................... Y-205
Figure Y-42: 95m high, 215m long, 45500 tons, $100 million, 10 m/min, 76000 m 3 /day. ............................ Y-205
Figure Y-43: A bucket wheel excavator (www.directindustry.com). ............................................................. Y-206
Figure Y-44: Giant bucket wheel excavator.................................................................................................... Y-206
Figure Y-45: Deep sea mining, the Solwara Field. ......................................................................................... Y-207
Figure Y-46: A deep sea mining excavator (IHC). ......................................................................................... Y-207
Figure Y-47: Deep sea mining excavators (IHC). ........................................................................................... Y-208
Figure Y-48: Deep sea mining excavators. ..................................................................................................... Y-208
Figure Y-49: Sea floor production system. ..................................................................................................... Y-209
Figure_Apx Y-50: An IHC excavator. ............................................................................................................ Y-210
Figure Y-51: An artists impression of deep sea mining. ................................................................................. Y-210
Figure Y-52: Subsea Cable Trench Plough Sea Stallion 4 (IHC). .................................................................. Y-211
Figure Y-53: The Sea Stallion Ormonde OWF (VSMC). ............................................................................... Y-211
Figure Y-54: The Sea Stallion pulled by the mother ship. .............................................................................. Y-212
Figure Y-55: The Sea Stallion. ........................................................................................................................ Y-212
Figure Y-56: The Digging Donald (All Seas). ................................................................................................ Y-213
Figure Y-57: Arm with digging chain. ............................................................................................................ Y-213
Figure Y-58: Reef Subsea trencher (www.dredgingtoday.com). .................................................................... Y-214
Figure Y-59: Seatools Arthopod 600. ............................................................................................................. Y-214
Figure Y-60: Rock trencher (Rocksaw International). .................................................................................... Y-215
Figure Y-61: Rock trencher (Rocksaw International). .................................................................................... Y-215
Figure Y-62: NEPA pipeline trenching (lindeco.com). ................................................................................... Y-216
Figure Y-63: NEPA pipeline trenching (lindeco.com). ................................................................................... Y-216
Figure Y-64: A set of PDC cutters (HeJianShi FuLiang Dril Manufactury). .................................................. Y-217
Figure Y-65: PDC bits. ................................................................................................................................... Y-217
Figure Y-66: Percussion button bit and rotary drill bit (Varel International). ................................................. Y-218
Figure Y-67: StaySharp premium PDC cutter technology. ............................................................................. Y-218
Figure Y-68: Catterpillar D11T (mining.cat.com). ......................................................................................... Y-219
Figure Y-69: Caterpillar 24M motor grader. ................................................................................................... Y-219
Figure Y-70: Caterpillar 631G tractor scraper. ............................................................................................... Y-220
Figure Y-71: Komatsu D85ex bulldozer. ........................................................................................................ Y-220
Figure Y-72: Double head drum cutter (www.drumcutters.com). .................................................................. Y-221
Figure Y-73: Tunnel Boring Machine (Shanghai Kemei El. Co.). .................................................................. Y-221
Figure Y-74: Drumcutter for dry mining applications. ................................................................................... Y-222
Figure Y-75: A tunnel boring machine. .......................................................................................................... Y-222
Figure Y-76: An integrated TBM.................................................................................................................... Y-223
Figure Y-77: A TBM of Herrenknecht. .......................................................................................................... Y-223
Figure Y-78: The WesterSchelde TBM. ......................................................................................................... Y-224
Figure Y-79: Tunnel Boring Machine (www.imaker.ca). ............................................................................... Y-224
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