The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a

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The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model. Raalte, G., & Zwartbol, A. (1986). Disc bottom cutterhead, a report on laboratory and field tests. WODCON XI. Brighton, UK: WODA. Rafatian, N., Miska, S., Ledgerwood III, L., Hughes, B., Ahmed, R., Yu, M., & Takach, N. (2009). Experimental study of MSE of a single PDC cutter under simulated pressurized conditions. SPE/IADC 119302 Drilling Conference & Exhibition. Amsterdam, Netherlands: SPE International. Reece, A. (1965). The fundamental equation of earth moving machinery. Symposium Earth Moving Machinery. London: Institute of Mechanical Engineering. Rhee, C., & Steeghs, H. (1991 June). Multi blade ploughs in saturated sand, model cutting tests. Dredging & Port Construction. Roberts, J., Jepsen, R., Gotthard, D., & Lick, W. (1998). Effects of particle size and bulk density on erosion of quartz particles. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1261-1267. Rowe, P. (1962). The stress dilatancy relation for static equilibrium of an assembly of particles in contact. Proceedings Royal Society A269. (pp. 500-527). Royal Society. Roxborough, F. (1987). The role of some basic rock properties in assessing cuttability. Seminar on Tunnels - Wholly Engineered Structures (pp. 1-21). Canberra, Australia: AFCC. Schrieck, G. (1996). Introduction to Dredging Engineering. Delft, the Netherlands: Delft University of Technology. Segal, G. (2001). Sepra analysis programmers guide, standard problems and users manual. Leidschendam, Netherlands: Ingenieursbureau Sepra. Sohne, W. (1956). Some basic considerations of soil mechanics as applied to agricultural engineering. Grundlagen der landtechnik (7)., 11-27. Soydemir, C. (1977). Potential models for shear strength generation in soft marine clays. International Symposium on Soft Clay. Bangkok, Thailand. Stam, P. (1983). Analyse ten behoeve van het ontwerp van een klei snijdende sleepkop, CO/82/129. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology. Steeghs, H. (1985A). Snijden van zand onder water, part I. Ports & Dredging no. 121. Steeghs, H. (1985B). Snijden van zand onder water, part II. Ports & Dredging no. 123. Terzaghi, K., & Peck, R. (1964). Soil mechanics in engineering practise. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Turnage, G., & Freitag, D. (1970). Effects of cone velocity and size on soil penetration resistance. ASEA 69-670. Verhoef, P. (1997). Wear of rock cutting tools: Implications for site investigation of rock dredging projects. Delft, Netherlands: Balkema Rotterdam. Verruijt, A. (1983). Soil Mechanics. Delft: DUM, Netherlands. Vlasblom, W. (2003-2007). Rock Cutting, Lecture Notes. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology. Vukovic, M., & Soro, A. (1992). Determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media from grain size composition. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colorado. Weijermars, R. (1997-2011). Principles of rock mechanics. Delft, Netherlands: Alboran Science Publishing. Wismer, R., & Luth, H. (1972A). Performance of Plane Soil Cutting Blades. Transactions of ASEA. Wismer, R., & Luth, H. (1972B). Rate effects in soil cutting. Journal of Terramechanics, vol. 8, no. 3., 11-21. Yi, Z. (2000). The FEM calculation of pore water pressure in sand cutting process by SEPRAN. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, Report: 2001.BT.5455. Yi, Z., & Miedema, S. (2001). Finite Element Calculations To Determine The Pore Pressures When Cutting Water Saturated Sand At Large Cutting Angles. CEDA Dredging Days (p. 20 pages). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: CEDA. Yi, Z., & Miedema, S. (2002). Finite Element Calculations To Determine The Pore Pressures When Cutting Water Saturated Sand At Large Cutting Angles. CEDA Dredging Days (p. 20 pages). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: CEDA. Zeng, D., & Yao, Y. (1988). Investigation on the relationship between soil metal friction and sliding speed. 2nd Asian Pacific Conference of ISTVS. Bangkok, Thailand. Zeng, D., & Yao, Y. (1991). Investigation on the relationship between soil shear strength and shear rate. Journal of Terramechanics, 28 (1). Zijsling, D. (1987). Single cutter testing - a key for PDC bit development (SPE 16529). Offshore Europe 87. Aberdeen, Scotland. Page 434 of 454 TOC Copyright © Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema
Figures & Tables. Chapter 18: Figures & Tables. 18.1. List of Figures. Figure 1-1: Different types of dredging equipment. ................................................................................................ 2 Figure 1-2: A rock cutter head with pick points. ..................................................................................................... 3 Figure 1-3: The author on the clamshell dredge “Chicago” of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock. ................................ 4 Figure 1-4: The author on the backhoe dredge “New York” of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock................................ 4 Figure 2-1: Earthwork in Germany (source Wikimedia). ....................................................................................... 6 Figure 2-2: Fox glacier, New Zealand (source Wikimedia). ................................................................................... 7 Figure 2-3: Soil naming according to USDA. ......................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2-4: Soil failure (www.4isfge.org). .............................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2-5: The Wenjiagou landslide (blogs.agu.org)............................................................................................10 Figure 2-6: Karl von Terzaghi, one of the founders of modern soil mechanics. ....................................................10 Figure 2-7: Sand from the Gobi desert, Mongolia (source Wikimedia). ................................................................11 Figure 2-8: Sand in the Sahara desert (source Luca Galuzzi – www.galuzzi.it) ....................................................12 Figure 2-9: Quaternary clay in Estonia (source Wikimedia) ..................................................................................13 Figure 2-10: Varved clay, Little River State Park, Waterbury, Vermont (source www.anr.state.vt.us). ..............14 Figure 2-11: Sample of igneous gabbro, Rock Creek Canyon, California (source Wikimedia). ...........................15 Figure 2-12: Sandstone formations, Vermillion Cliffs, Arizona (source www.reddit.com). .................................17 Figure 2-13: Columns of Basalt of the Scottish Island of Staffa (National Geographic). ......................................17 Figure 2-14 A: Aid to identification of rock for engineering purposes (After BS 5930:1981). ............................18 Figure 2-15 B: Aid to identification of rock for engineering purposes (After BS 5930:1981). ............................19 Figure 2-16: Utica Shale, Fort Plain, New York (Wikipedia). ...............................................................................20 Figure 2-17: The rock formation cycle (galleryhip.com). ......................................................................................20 Figure 2-18: The particle size distributions of the sands used by Roberts et al. (1998). .......................................21 Figure 2-19: Liquid limit device. ...........................................................................................................................22 Figure 2-20: Liquid limit device. ...........................................................................................................................22 Figure 2-21: The relation between SL, PL, LL and PI. ..........................................................................................23 Figure 2-22: SPT values versus relative density (Miedema (1995). ......................................................................26 Figure 2-23: Friction angle versus SPT value (Miedema (1995). ..........................................................................31 Figure 2-24: A UCS test facility (Timely Engineering Soil Tests, LLC). ..............................................................34 Figure 2-25: Bending (Vlasblom (2003-2007)). ...................................................................................................34 Figure 2-26: The Brazilian split test (Vlasblom (2003-2007)). ..............................................................................35 Figure 2-27: Diagram showing definitions and directions for Darcy’s law. ..........................................................40 Figure 2-28: Brittle failure types (Vlasblom (2003-2007)). ...................................................................................42 Figure 2-29: Brittle-ductile failure of marble (M.S. Patterson, Australian National University). ..........................42 Figure 2-30: A set of sieves (Essa Australia from: www.directindustry.com). ......................................................43 Figure 2-31: The Standard Penetration Test (www.shalviengineering.com). ........................................................44 Figure 2-32: A typical CPT test setup (www.geotechdata.com). ...........................................................................46 Figure 2-33: Several configurations of cones (www.geotechdata.info). ................................................................46 Figure 2-34: Several cone configurations. .............................................................................................................47 Figure 2-35: The Triaxial apparatus (www.geotechdata.info). ..............................................................................48 Figure 2-36: The Triaxial apparatus cross-section (civilblog.org). ........................................................................49 Figure 2-37: The direct shear test. ..........................................................................................................................50 Figure 2-38: The vane shear test (English.geocpt.es).............................................................................................51 Figure 2-39: Shear vane and Torvane for soil testing (www.humboldtmfg.com). .................................................51 Figure 2-40: Point load test facility (inside.mines.edu). ........................................................................................52 Figure 2-41: Brazilian splitting tension test. ..........................................................................................................52 Figure 2-42: BTS zoomed. .....................................................................................................................................52 Figure 2-43: A BTS test after failure. ....................................................................................................................53 Figure 2-44: The stresses on a soil element. ..........................................................................................................55 Figure 2-45: The forces on a soil element. .............................................................................................................55 Figure 2-46: The resulting Mohr circle for cohesion less soil. ...............................................................................58 Figure 2-47: Determining the angle of internal friction from tri-axial tests of cohesion less soil. .........................58 Figure 2-48: The Mohr circle for soil with cohesion. ............................................................................................59 Figure 2-49: Determining the angle of internal friction from tri-axial tests of soil with cohesion. .......................59 Figure 2-50: An example of Mohr circles resulting in an internal friction angle and cohesion (www.dplot.com). .........................................................................................................................................................60 Copyright © Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema TOC Page 435 of 454
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The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
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Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1. Appro
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Introduction. In dry sand cutting t
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Chapter 2: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.2.2. Soil C
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Basic Soil Mechanics. soil characte
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3. Soils. 2
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3.2. Clay.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3.3. Rock.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-12:
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-15 B
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2.4. Soil Mechanical Parameters. Ba
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.4.2.4. Impo
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Table 2-3: Em
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.4.3.4. Poro
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 3 3 2 l e 3 g
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 46 Friction a
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Basic Soil Mechanics. c tan (2-
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2.4.9. Unconfined Tensile Strength.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.5. Criteria
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Basic Soil Mechanics. increase, to
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Table 2-14: T
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2.6. Soil Mechanical Tests. 2.6.1.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. be regarded a
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2.6.5.1. Consolidated Drained (CD).
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.8. The Mohr
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Basic Soil Mechanics. Squaring equa
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.9. Active S
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Basic Soil Mechanics.
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.10. Passive
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cos sin cos sin 1 1 sin
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.11. Summary
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2.12. Shear Strength versus Frictio
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.13. Nomencl
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The General Cutting Process. Chapte
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The General Cutting Process. 10. β
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The General Cutting Process. The fo
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The General Cutting Process. W2 si
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The General Cutting Process.
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The General Cutting Process.
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3.6. The Snow Plough Effect. The Ge
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The General Cutting Process. The ve
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3.6.5. The Resulting Cutting Forces
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The General Cutting Process. Q c Pc
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Which Cutting Mechanism for Which K
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4.6. Summary. Which Cutting Mechani
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Chapter 5: Dry Sand Cutting. 5.1. I
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Dry Sand Cutting. The force K1 on t
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Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
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Dry Sand Cutting. 2 v s i VD F
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Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
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Dry Sand Cutting. Shear Angle β vs
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Dry Sand Cutting. 5.6. Specific Ene
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5.8. Experiments in Dry Sand. 5.8.1
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Dry Sand Cutting. 5.8.2. Wismer & L
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Chapter 6: Saturated Sand Cutting.
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 2 ci c i F
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Saturated Sand Cutting. the Waterlo
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The normal
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-8:
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-10
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6.7. The Blade Tip Problem. Saturat
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Saturated Sand Cutting. s2 0.8 L
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Saturated Sand Cutting. However Fig
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Saturated Sand Cutting. S1=L1*(1-I/
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.9. Determ
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' h Saturated Sand Cutting.
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Saturated Sand Cutting. α=45° and
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.1. Spe
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 100.0 SPT v
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.2. The
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13. Exper
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The tests a
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Saturated Sand Cutting. old laborat
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.2. Tes
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Saturated Sand Cutting. side effect
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.7. Com
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Saturated Sand Cutting. which the t
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The dimensi
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 10 Partial
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The equatio
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 0.30 No Cav
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Saturated Sand Cutting. P4 (bar) P3
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Preal Real
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Clay Cutting. Chapter 7: Clay Cutti
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Clay Cutting. 7.3. The Influence of
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Clay Cutting. From this equation, s
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Clay Cutting. a material on which a
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Clay Cutting. 7.3.4. The Proposed T
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Clay Cutting. 100 90 Shear Strength
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Clay Cutting. 7.3.6. Abelev & Valen
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Clay Cutting. 2500 The Strain Rate
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Clay Cutting. 7.4. The Flow Type. 7
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Clay Cutting. F s ch i w s ah b
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Clay Cutting. Figure 7-22 shows the
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Clay Cutting. The Horizontal Cuttin
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Clay Cutting. 7.5. The Tear Type. 7
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7.5.3. The Mobilized Shear Strength
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7.5.4. The Resulting Cutting Forces
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Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
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Clay Cutting. This gives for the no
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Clay Cutting. Substituting equation
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Clay Cutting. Figure 7-34: The equi
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Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
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Clay Cutting. 0.30 Vertical Cutting
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Clay Cutting. 1000 Clay Cutting Esp
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Clay Cutting. Shear Angle β vs. Bl
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Clay Cutting. Horizontal Cutting Fo
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Clay Cutting. 7.9. Nomenclature. a
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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8.2.3. Based on UTS and UCS. Rock C
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8.2.5. Hoek & Brown (1988). Rock Cu
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8.3. Cutting Models. Rock Cutting:
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8.3.5. The Nishimatsu Model. Rock C
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sin Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Cond
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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9.8. Specific Energy Graphs. Rock C
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. Chapter
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. 19. A fo
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. h 4 4
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10.3. The Equilibrium of Moments. T
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Chapte
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. The no
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Figure
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11.4. Results of some Calculations.
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.5.
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.6.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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12.4. The Equilibrium of Moments. A
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12.8. Experiments. A Wedge in Satur
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12.10. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Sat
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Chapter 13
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. on the equ
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Figure 13-
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Page 411 and 412: A Wedge in Atmospheric Rock Cutting
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Page 419 and 420: A Wedge in Hyperbaric Rock Cutting.
Page 425 and 426: 15.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Hype
Page 427 and 428: Exercises. Chapter 16: Exercises. 1
Page 429 and 430: Exercises. 16.2.8. Calc.: Bulldozer
Page 431 and 432: Exercises. 16.3. Chapter 3: The Gen
Page 433 and 434: Exercises. 16.4.5. MC: Hyperbaric R
Page 435 and 436: Exercises. 16.6. Chapter 6: Water S
Page 437 and 438: Exercises. 2 2 1 w c i c g v h
Page 439 and 440: Exercises. F: Determine the pore pr
Page 441 and 442: Exercises. E sp Fh vc Fh Fh 10
Page 443 and 444: Exercises. 1,000 Pore Pressures on
Page 445 and 446: Exercises. A tensile strength of -2
Page 447 and 448: Exercises. Shear Stress vs. Normal
Page 449 and 450: Exercises. 70 60 50 40 Shear Stress
Page 451 and 452: Exercises. 16.8.4. Calc.: Cutting F
Page 453 and 454: Exercises. 16.8.5. Calc.: Cutting F
Page 455 and 456: Exercises. 16.9. Chapter 9: Hyperba
Page 457 and 458: Bibliography. Chapter 17: Bibliogra
Page 459: Bibliography. Miedema, S. (1989, De
Page 463 and 464: Figures & Tables. Figure 5-20: The
Page 465 and 466: Figures & Tables. Figure 8-5: Const
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Page 469 and 470: 18.2. List of Figures in Appendices
Page 471 and 472: Figures & Tables. Figure U-2: Speci
Page 473 and 474: Figures & Tables. Figure Y-27: A la
Page 475 and 476: Figures & Tables. 18.3. List of Tab
Page 477 and 478: 18.4. List of Tables in Appendices.
Page 479 and 480: Appendices. Chapter 19: Appendices.
Page 481 and 482: Active & Passive Soil Failure Coeff
Page 483 and 484: Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Appe
Page 485 and 486: Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.1.
Page 489 and 490: Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.2
Page 495 and 496: Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.3
Page 497 and 498: Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Perc
Page 499 and 500: Dimensionless Pore Pressures p1m &
Page 501 and 502: The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
Page 503 and 504: The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
Page 505 and 506: Appendix E: The Coefficient c1. The
Page 507 and 508: The Coefficient c1. Table E-3: c1 f
Page 509 and 510: Appendix F: The Coefficient c2. The
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The Coefficient c2. Table F-3: c2 f
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Appendix G: The Coefficient a1. The
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The Coefficient a1. Table G-3: a1 f
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The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Appe
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The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Tabl
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Appendix I: The Coefficient d1. The
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The Coefficient d1. Table I-3: d1 f
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Appendix J: The Coefficient d2. The
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The Coefficient d2. Table J-3: d2 f
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The Properties of the 200 μm Sand.
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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The Snow Plough Effect. Appendix N:
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The Snow Plough Effect. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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The Snow Plough Effect. 20.0 16.0 F
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Specific Energy in Sand. Appendix O
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Specific Energy in Sand. 2500 Speci
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Appendix
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Append
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Figure
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S.3 The 75 Degree Blade. FEM Calcul
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Appendix T: Force Triangles. Force
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Force Triangles. Figure T-3: The fo
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Force Triangles. Figure T-5: The fo
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Specific Energy in Clay. Appendix U
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Specific Energy in Clay. 6000 Speci
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Clay Cutting Charts. Appendix V: Cl
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Clay Cutting Charts. The Vertical C
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Clay Cutting Charts. Shear Angle β
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Clay Cutting Charts. V.3 The Curlin
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Rock Cutting Charts. Appendix W: Ro
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.2 The Transi
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.5 Brittle Te
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.6 Brittle Te
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. App
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.2
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Applications & Equipment. Appendix
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Y.2 Bucket Ladder Dredges. Applicat
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Y.3 Cutter Suction Dredges. Applica
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Applications & Equipment. Figure Y-
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Applications & Equipment. Y.4 Trail
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Y.5 Backhoe Dredges. Applications &
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Y.6 Clamshell Dredges. Applications
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Y.7 Bucket Wheel Dredges. Applicati
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Y.8 Braun Kohle Bergbau. Applicatio
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Y.9 Deep Sea Mining. Applications &
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Y.10 Cable Trenching. Applications
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Y.11 Offshore Pipeline Trenching. A
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Y.12 Dry Trenching. Applications &
Page 697 and 698:
Applications & Equipment. Y.13 PDC
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Applications & Equipment. Y.14 Bull
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Applications & Equipment. Y.15 Dry
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Y.16 Tunnel Boring Machines. Applic
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Publications. Appendix Z: Publicati
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Publications. 52. Miedema, S.A.,
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