The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a

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The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model. such as gravel, sand, silt, and clay, are clastic sedimentary rocks (e.g., conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale, respectively). Sedimentary rocks composed of sediment that is chemically derived (i.e., chemical sediment), such as dissolved elements like calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), and silicon (Si), are chemical sedimentary rocks. Examples of chemical sedimentary rocks are limestone (composed of calcium carbonate), rock salt (composed of sodium chloride), rock gypsum (composed of calcium sulfate), ironstones (composed of iron oxides), and chert (composed of hydrated silica). Biochemical sedimentary rocks are a special kind of chemical sedimentary rock wherein the constituent particles were formed by organisms (typically as organic hard parts, such as shells), which then became sedimentary particles. Examples of this special kind of sedimentary rock include chalk, fossiliferous limestone, and coquina. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediment in two stages: compaction and cementation. Compaction occurs when sediments pile up to sufficient thickness that overlying mass squeezes out water and closes much open space. Cementation occurs when water flowing through the compacted sediment deposits mineral crystals upon particles thus binding them together. The main cement minerals are calcite (CaCO 3), hematite (Fe 2O 3), and quartz (SiO 2). With metamorphic rocks, the nature of the pre-existing rock (protolith) determines in large part the characteristics of the ultimate metamorphic rock. Regardless of protolith, however, almost all metamorphic rocks are harder and more dense than their protoliths. A protolith with flat or elongate mineral crystals (e.g., micas or amphiboles) will yield a metamorphic rock with preferentially aligned minerals (due to directed pressure). Such metamorphic rocks are called foliated metamorphic rocks (e.g., slate and schist). Non-foliated metamorphic rocks (e.g., marble and quartzite) come from protoliths that have mainly equidimensional mineral crystals (e.g., calcite and quartz, respectively). For example, a protolith shale will yield a foliated metamorphic rock, and a protolith limestone will yield marble, a non-foliated metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks possess distinctive grades or levels of metamorphic change from minimal to a maximum near total melting. Low-grade metamorphic rocks generally have fine-textured crystals and low-temperature indicator minerals like the mica chlorite. High-grade metamorphic rocks generally have coarse-textured crystals and very distinctive foliation, plus high-temperature indicator minerals like the silicate mineral staurolite. Rock is a brittle natural solid found mainly in the outer reaches of Earth's crust and upper mantle. Material that would be brittle rock at such shallow depths becomes to one degree or another rather plastic within the body of the earth. The term "rock" is not generally applied to such non-brittle internal Earth materials. Therefore, rock is a concept related to the outer shell of the earth. The term rock may also be properly applied to brittle natural solids found on the surfaces of other planets and satellites in our solar system. Meteorites are rock. Naturally occurring ice (e.g., brittle water ice in a glacier, H 2O) is also a rock, although we do not normally think of ice this way. Rock has been an important natural resource for people from early in human evolution. Rocks' properties are the key to their specific usefulness, now as in the past. Hard, dense rocks that could be chipped into implements and weapons were among the first useful possessions of people. Fine-textured and glassy rocks were particularly handy for these applications. Later on, rock as building stone and pavement material became very important, and this continues today in our modern world. All of Earth's natural mineral wealth, fossil energy resources, and most groundwater are contained within rocks of the earth's crust. Rock is a natural occurrence mass of cohesive organic or inorganic material, which forms a part earth crest of which most rocks are composed of one or more minerals. Rocks can be classified in different ways. The most used classification is based on their origin, in which the following classes can be distinguished. Igneous rock; a rock that has solidified from molten rock material (magma), which was generated within the Earth. Well known are granite and basalt Sedimentary rock; a rock formed by the consolidation of sediment settle out in water, ice of air and accumulated on the Earth’s surface, either on dry land or under water. Examples are sandstone, lime stone and clay stone Metamorphic rock; any class of rocks that are the result of partial or complete recrystallization in the solid state of pre-existing rocks under conditions of temperature and pressure that are significantly different from those obtaining at the surface of the Earth. When deterring the dredge-ability of rock, distinction has to be made between the properties of intact rock and that of a rock mass. Depending on the fracture density of the rock the cutter will cut intact rock or break out rock blocks. In the first case the strength (tensile- and compressive strength), deformation properties (E-value) and the petrography (mineralogical proposition) of the intact rock determines the production completely. The second case the fracture frequency and the weathering of the rock is more important than the strength of the intact rock. It is known that the absence of water in rock is important for the rock strength. When saturated with water the rock strength can be 30 to 90 % of the strength of dry rock. Therefore rock samples have to be sealed immediately after drilling in such a way that evaporation of or intake of water is avoided. It has to be mentioned that this does not mean that cutting forces in saturated rock are always lower than in dry rock. The petrography is important for the weir of rock cutting tools. Page 16 of 454 TOC Copyright © Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema
Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-12: Sandstone formations, Vermillion Cliffs, Arizona (source www.reddit.com). Figure 2-13: Columns of Basalt of the Scottish Island of Staffa (National Geographic). Copyright © Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema TOC Page 17 of 454
Page 1: The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
Page 5 and 6: The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1. Appro
Page 29 and 30: Introduction. In dry sand cutting t
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.
Page 33 and 34: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.2.2. Soil C
Page 35 and 36: Basic Soil Mechanics. soil characte
Page 37 and 38: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3. Soils. 2
Page 39 and 40: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3.2. Clay.
Page 41: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3.3. Rock.
Page 45 and 46: Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-15 B
Page 47 and 48: 2.4. Soil Mechanical Parameters. Ba
Page 49 and 50: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.4.2.4. Impo
Page 51 and 52: Basic Soil Mechanics. Table 2-3: Em
Page 53 and 54: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.4.3.4. Poro
Page 55 and 56: Basic Soil Mechanics. 3 3 2 l e 3 g
Page 57 and 58: Basic Soil Mechanics. 46 Friction a
Page 59 and 60: Basic Soil Mechanics. c tan (2-
Page 61 and 62: 2.4.9. Unconfined Tensile Strength.
Page 63 and 64: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.5. Criteria
Page 65 and 66: Basic Soil Mechanics. increase, to
Page 67 and 68: Basic Soil Mechanics. Table 2-14: T
Page 69 and 70: 2.6. Soil Mechanical Tests. 2.6.1.
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Page 73 and 74: Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-34:
Page 75 and 76: 2.6.5.1. Consolidated Drained (CD).
Page 81 and 82: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.8. The Mohr
Page 83 and 84: Basic Soil Mechanics. Squaring equa
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Page 89 and 90: Basic Soil Mechanics.
Page 91 and 92: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.10. Passive
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cos sin cos sin 1 1 sin
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.11. Summary
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2.12. Shear Strength versus Frictio
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Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.13. Nomencl
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The General Cutting Process. Chapte
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The General Cutting Process. 10. β
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The General Cutting Process. The fo
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The General Cutting Process. W2 si
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The General Cutting Process.
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The General Cutting Process.
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3.6. The Snow Plough Effect. The Ge
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The General Cutting Process. The ve
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3.6.5. The Resulting Cutting Forces
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The General Cutting Process. Q c Pc
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Which Cutting Mechanism for Which K
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4.6. Summary. Which Cutting Mechani
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Chapter 5: Dry Sand Cutting. 5.1. I
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Dry Sand Cutting. The force K1 on t
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Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
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Dry Sand Cutting. 2 v s i VD F
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Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
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Dry Sand Cutting. Shear Angle β vs
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Dry Sand Cutting. 5.6. Specific Ene
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5.8. Experiments in Dry Sand. 5.8.1
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Dry Sand Cutting. 5.8.2. Wismer & L
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Chapter 6: Saturated Sand Cutting.
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 2 ci c i F
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Saturated Sand Cutting. the Waterlo
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The normal
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-8:
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-10
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6.7. The Blade Tip Problem. Saturat
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Saturated Sand Cutting. s2 0.8 L
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Saturated Sand Cutting. However Fig
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Saturated Sand Cutting. S1=L1*(1-I/
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.9. Determ
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' h Saturated Sand Cutting.
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Saturated Sand Cutting. α=45° and
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.1. Spe
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 100.0 SPT v
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.2. The
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13. Exper
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The tests a
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Saturated Sand Cutting. old laborat
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.2. Tes
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Saturated Sand Cutting. side effect
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.7. Com
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Saturated Sand Cutting. which the t
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The dimensi
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 10 Partial
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Saturated Sand Cutting. The equatio
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 0.30 No Cav
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Saturated Sand Cutting. P4 (bar) P3
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Saturated Sand Cutting. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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Saturated Sand Cutting. Preal Real
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Clay Cutting. Chapter 7: Clay Cutti
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Clay Cutting. 7.3. The Influence of
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Clay Cutting. From this equation, s
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Clay Cutting. a material on which a
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Clay Cutting. 7.3.4. The Proposed T
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Clay Cutting. 100 90 Shear Strength
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Clay Cutting. 7.3.6. Abelev & Valen
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Clay Cutting. 2500 The Strain Rate
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Clay Cutting. 7.4. The Flow Type. 7
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Clay Cutting. F s ch i w s ah b
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Clay Cutting. Figure 7-22 shows the
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Clay Cutting. The Horizontal Cuttin
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Clay Cutting. 7.5. The Tear Type. 7
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7.5.3. The Mobilized Shear Strength
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7.5.4. The Resulting Cutting Forces
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Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
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Clay Cutting. This gives for the no
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Clay Cutting. Substituting equation
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Clay Cutting. Figure 7-34: The equi
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Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
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Clay Cutting. 0.30 Vertical Cutting
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Clay Cutting. 1000 Clay Cutting Esp
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Clay Cutting. Shear Angle β vs. Bl
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Clay Cutting. Horizontal Cutting Fo
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Clay Cutting. 7.9. Nomenclature. a
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Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
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8.2.3. Based on UTS and UCS. Rock C
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8.2.5. Hoek & Brown (1988). Rock Cu
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8.3. Cutting Models. Rock Cutting:
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8.3.5. The Nishimatsu Model. Rock C
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sin Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Cond
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Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
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9.8. Specific Energy Graphs. Rock C
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. Chapter
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. 19. A fo
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The Occurrence of a Wedge. h 4 4
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10.3. The Equilibrium of Moments. T
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Chapte
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. The no
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Figure
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11.4. Results of some Calculations.
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.5.
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A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.6.
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A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
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12.4. The Equilibrium of Moments. A
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12.8. Experiments. A Wedge in Satur
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12.10. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Sat
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Chapter 13
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. on the equ
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Figure 13-
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A Wedge in Clay Cutting. L3 L7
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A Wedge in Atmospheric Rock Cutting
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14.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Atmo
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A Wedge in Hyperbaric Rock Cutting.
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15.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Hype
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Exercises. Chapter 16: Exercises. 1
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Exercises. 16.2.8. Calc.: Bulldozer
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Exercises. 16.3. Chapter 3: The Gen
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Exercises. 16.4.5. MC: Hyperbaric R
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Exercises. 16.6. Chapter 6: Water S
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Exercises. 2 2 1 w c i c g v h
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Exercises. F: Determine the pore pr
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Exercises. E sp Fh vc Fh Fh 10
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Exercises. 1,000 Pore Pressures on
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Exercises. A tensile strength of -2
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Exercises. Shear Stress vs. Normal
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Exercises. 70 60 50 40 Shear Stress
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Exercises. 16.8.4. Calc.: Cutting F
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Exercises. 16.8.5. Calc.: Cutting F
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Exercises. 16.9. Chapter 9: Hyperba
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Bibliography. Chapter 17: Bibliogra
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Bibliography. Miedema, S. (1989, De
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Figures & Tables. Chapter 18: Figur
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Figures & Tables. Figure 5-20: The
Page 465 and 466:
Figures & Tables. Figure 8-5: Const
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Figures & Tables. Figure 12-11: The
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18.2. List of Figures in Appendices
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Figures & Tables. Figure U-2: Speci
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Figures & Tables. Figure Y-27: A la
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Figures & Tables. 18.3. List of Tab
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18.4. List of Tables in Appendices.
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Appendices. Chapter 19: Appendices.
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Active & Passive Soil Failure Coeff
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Appe
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.1.
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.2
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.3
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Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Perc
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Dimensionless Pore Pressures p1m &
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The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
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The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
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Appendix E: The Coefficient c1. The
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The Coefficient c1. Table E-3: c1 f
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Appendix F: The Coefficient c2. The
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The Coefficient c2. Table F-3: c2 f
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Appendix G: The Coefficient a1. The
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The Coefficient a1. Table G-3: a1 f
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The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Appe
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The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Tabl
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Appendix I: The Coefficient d1. The
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The Coefficient d1. Table I-3: d1 f
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Appendix J: The Coefficient d2. The
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The Coefficient d2. Table J-3: d2 f
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The Properties of the 200 μm Sand.
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Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
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The Snow Plough Effect. Appendix N:
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The Snow Plough Effect. 10.0 8.0 Fh
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The Snow Plough Effect. 20.0 16.0 F
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Specific Energy in Sand. Appendix O
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Specific Energy in Sand. 2500 Speci
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
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Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Appendix
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
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Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Append
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FEM Calculations with Wedge. Figure
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S.3 The 75 Degree Blade. FEM Calcul
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Appendix T: Force Triangles. Force
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Force Triangles. Figure T-3: The fo
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Force Triangles. Figure T-5: The fo
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Specific Energy in Clay. Appendix U
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Specific Energy in Clay. 6000 Speci
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Clay Cutting Charts. Appendix V: Cl
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Clay Cutting Charts. The Vertical C
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Clay Cutting Charts. Shear Angle β
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Clay Cutting Charts. V.3 The Curlin
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Rock Cutting Charts. Appendix W: Ro
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.2 The Transi
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Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.5 Brittle Te
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Rock Cutting Charts. W.6 Brittle Te
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. App
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
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Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.2
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Applications & Equipment. Appendix
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Y.2 Bucket Ladder Dredges. Applicat
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Y.3 Cutter Suction Dredges. Applica
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Applications & Equipment. Figure Y-
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Applications & Equipment. Y.4 Trail
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Y.5 Backhoe Dredges. Applications &
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Y.6 Clamshell Dredges. Applications
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Y.7 Bucket Wheel Dredges. Applicati
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Y.8 Braun Kohle Bergbau. Applicatio
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Y.9 Deep Sea Mining. Applications &
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Y.10 Cable Trenching. Applications
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Y.11 Offshore Pipeline Trenching. A
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Y.12 Dry Trenching. Applications &
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Applications & Equipment. Y.13 PDC
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Applications & Equipment. Y.14 Bull
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Applications & Equipment. Y.15 Dry
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Y.16 Tunnel Boring Machines. Applic
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Publications. Appendix Z: Publicati
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Publications. 52. Miedema, S.A.,
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The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
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