The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a

More documents

Recommendations

Info

12.6. The Cavitating Wedge The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model. Also for the cavitating process, a case will be discussed. The calculations are carried out for blade angles α of 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115 and 120, while the smallest angle is around 60º depending on the possible solutions. Also the cutting forces are determined with and without a wedge, so it’s possible to carry out step 6. The case concerns a sand with an internal friction angle of 30, a soil interface friction angle of 20 fully mobilized, a friction angle between the soil cut and the wedge equal to the internal friction angle, an initial permeability ki of 6.2*10 -5 m/s and a residual permeability kmax of 17*10 -5 m/s. The blade dimensions are a width of 0.25 m and a height of 0.2 m, while a layer of sand of 0.05 m is cut with a cutting velocity of 0.3 m/s at a water depth of 0.6 m, matching the laboratory conditions. The values for the acting points of the forces, are e2=0.35, e3=0.55 and e4=0.32, based on the finite element calculations carried out by Ma (2001). Figure 12-24 and Figure 12-25 show the results of the calculations. Figure 12-24 shows the wedge angle θ, the shear angle β, the mobilized internal friction angle λ and the mobilized external friction angle δe as a function of the blade angle α. Figure 12-25 shows the horizontal and vertical cutting forces, with and without a wedge. With the cavitating cutting process, the wedge angle θ always results in an angle of 90-, which matches the theory of Hettiaratchi and Reece (1975).The reason of this is that in the full cavitation situation, the pore pressures are equal on each side of the wedge and form equilibrium in itself. So the pore pressures do not influence the ratio between the grain stresses on the different sides of the wedge. From Figure 12-25 it can be concluded that the transition point between the conventional cutting process and the wedge process occurs at a blade angle of about 77 degrees. In the non-cavitating cases this angle is about 70 degrees. A smaller angle of internal friction results in a higher transition angle, but in the cavitating case this influence is bigger. In the cavitating case, the horizontal force is a constant as long as the external friction angle is changing from a positive maximum to the negative minimum. Once this minimum is reached, the horizontal force increases a bit. At the transition angle where the horizontal forces with and without the wedge are equal, the vertical forces are not equal, resulting in a jump of the vertical force, when the wedge starts to occur. 12.7. Limits. Instead of carrying out the calculations for each different case, the limits of the occurrence of the wedge can be summarized in a few graphs. Figure 12-26 shows the upper and lower limit of the wedge for the non-cavitating case as a function of the angle of internal friction φ. It can be concluded that the upper and lower limits are not symmetrical around 90º, but a bit lower than that. An increasing angle of internal friction results in a larger bandwidth for the occurrence of the wedge. For blade angles above the upper limit most probably subduction will occur, although there is no scientific evidence for this. The theory developed should not be used for blade angles above the upper limit yet. Further research is required. The lower limit is not necessarily the start of the occurrence of the wedge. This depends on whether the cutting forces with the wedge are smaller than the cutting forces without the wedge. Figure 12-28 shows the blade angle where the wedge will start to occur, based on the minimum of the horizontal cutting forces with and without the wedge. It can be concluded that the blade angle where the wedge starts to occur is larger than the minimum where the wedge can exist, which makes sense. For high angles of internal friction, the starting blade angle is about equal to the lower limit. For the cavitating case the upper and lower limit are shown in Figure 12-27. In this case the limits are symmetrical around 90º and with an external friction angle of 2/3 of the internal friction angle it can be concluded that these limits are 90º+δ and 90º-δ. The blade angle where the wedge will start to occur is again shown in Figure 12-28. The methodology applied gives satisfactory results to determine the cutting forces at large cutting angles. The results shown in this paper are valid for the non-cavitating and the cavitating cutting process and for the soils and geometry as used in this paper. The wedge angles found are, in general, a bit smaller then 90- for the noncavitating case and exactly 90- for the cavitating case, so as a first approach this can be used. The mobilized external friction angle δ e varies from plus the maximum for small blade angles to minus the maximum for large blade angles, depending on the blade angle. The cutting forces with the wedge do not increase much in the non-cavitating case and not at all in the cavitating case, when the cutting angle increases from 60 to 120. If the ratio between the thickness of the layer cut and the blade height changes, also the values of the acting points e2, e3 and e4 will change slightly. It is not possible to find an explicit analytical solution for the wedge problem and it’s even difficult to automate the calculation method, since the solution depends strongly on the values of the acting points. Page 362 of 454 TOC Copyright © Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema
A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 12-26, Figure 12-27 and Figure 12-28 are a great help determining whether or not a wedge will occur and at which blade angle it will start to occur. The theory developed can be applied to cutting processes of bulldozers, in front of the heel of a drag head, ice scour, tunnel boring machines and so on. 90 φ=30º, δ=20º, Cavitation 75 60 45 Angles (º) 30 15 0 Teta Beta Delta Labda -15 -30 -45 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Blade Angle α (º) © S.A.M. Figure 12-24: Cavitating, the angles θ, β, δm and λ as a function of the blade angle α for φ=30º and δ=20º. 50 φ=30º, δ=20º, Cavitation 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Forces (kN) 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 Fh (Wedge) Fv (Wedge) Fh (No wedge) Fv (No wedge) -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Blade Angle α (º) © S.A.M. Figure 12-25: Cavitating, the cutting forces as a function of the blade angle α for φ=30º and δ=20º. Copyright © Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema TOC Page 363 of 454
Page 1:
The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1. Appro
Page 29 and 30:
Introduction. In dry sand cutting t
Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 2: Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.
Page 33 and 34:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.2.2. Soil C
Page 35 and 36:
Basic Soil Mechanics. soil characte
Page 37 and 38:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3. Soils. 2
Page 39 and 40:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3.2. Clay.
Page 41 and 42:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.3.3. Rock.
Page 43 and 44:
Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-12:
Page 45 and 46:
Basic Soil Mechanics. Figure 2-15 B
Page 47 and 48:
2.4. Soil Mechanical Parameters. Ba
Page 49 and 50:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.4.2.4. Impo
Page 51 and 52:
Basic Soil Mechanics. Table 2-3: Em
Page 53 and 54:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.4.3.4. Poro
Page 55 and 56:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 3 3 2 l e 3 g
Page 57 and 58:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 46 Friction a
Page 59 and 60:
Basic Soil Mechanics. c tan (2-
Page 61 and 62:
2.4.9. Unconfined Tensile Strength.
Page 63 and 64:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.5. Criteria
Page 65 and 66:
Basic Soil Mechanics. increase, to
Page 67 and 68:
Basic Soil Mechanics. Table 2-14: T
Page 69 and 70:
2.6. Soil Mechanical Tests. 2.6.1.
Page 71 and 72:
Basic Soil Mechanics. be regarded a
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
2.6.5.1. Consolidated Drained (CD).
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.8. The Mohr
Page 83 and 84:
Basic Soil Mechanics. Squaring equa
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.9. Active S
Page 89 and 90:
Basic Soil Mechanics.
Page 91 and 92:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.10. Passive
Page 93 and 94:
cos sin cos sin 1 1 sin
Page 95 and 96:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.11. Summary
Page 97 and 98:
2.12. Shear Strength versus Frictio
Page 99 and 100:
Basic Soil Mechanics. 2.13. Nomencl
Page 101 and 102:
The General Cutting Process. Chapte
Page 103 and 104:
The General Cutting Process. 10. β
Page 105 and 106:
The General Cutting Process. The fo
Page 107 and 108:
The General Cutting Process. W2 si
Page 109 and 110:
The General Cutting Process.
Page 111 and 112:
The General Cutting Process.
Page 113 and 114:
3.6. The Snow Plough Effect. The Ge
Page 115 and 116:
The General Cutting Process. The ve
Page 117 and 118:
3.6.5. The Resulting Cutting Forces
Page 119 and 120:
The General Cutting Process. Q c Pc
Page 121 and 122:
Which Cutting Mechanism for Which K
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
4.6. Summary. Which Cutting Mechani
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5: Dry Sand Cutting. 5.1. I
Page 133 and 134:
Dry Sand Cutting. The force K1 on t
Page 135 and 136:
Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
Page 137 and 138:
Dry Sand Cutting. 2 v s i VD F
Page 139 and 140:
Dry Sand Cutting. Horizontal Cuttin
Page 141 and 142:
Dry Sand Cutting. Shear Angle β vs
Page 143 and 144:
Dry Sand Cutting. 5.6. Specific Ene
Page 145 and 146:
5.8. Experiments in Dry Sand. 5.8.1
Page 147 and 148:
Dry Sand Cutting. 5.8.2. Wismer & L
Page 149 and 150:
Chapter 6: Saturated Sand Cutting.
Page 151 and 152:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 2 ci c i F
Page 153 and 154:
Saturated Sand Cutting. the Waterlo
Page 155 and 156:
Saturated Sand Cutting. The normal
Page 157 and 158:
Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-8:
Page 159 and 160:
Saturated Sand Cutting. Figure 6-10
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
6.7. The Blade Tip Problem. Saturat
Page 165 and 166:
Saturated Sand Cutting. s2 0.8 L
Page 167 and 168:
Saturated Sand Cutting. However Fig
Page 169 and 170:
Saturated Sand Cutting. S1=L1*(1-I/
Page 171 and 172:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.9. Determ
Page 173 and 174:
' h Saturated Sand Cutting.
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Saturated Sand Cutting. α=45° and
Page 179 and 180:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.1. Spe
Page 181 and 182:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 100.0 SPT v
Page 183 and 184:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.12.2. The
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13. Exper
Page 189 and 190:
Saturated Sand Cutting. The tests a
Page 191 and 192:
Saturated Sand Cutting. old laborat
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.2. Tes
Page 197 and 198:
Saturated Sand Cutting. side effect
Page 199 and 200:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 6.13.7. Com
Page 201 and 202:
Saturated Sand Cutting. which the t
Page 203 and 204:
Saturated Sand Cutting. The dimensi
Page 205 and 206:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 10 Partial
Page 207 and 208:
Saturated Sand Cutting. The equatio
Page 209 and 210:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 0.30 No Cav
Page 211 and 212:
Saturated Sand Cutting. P4 (bar) P3
Page 213 and 214:
Saturated Sand Cutting. 10.0 8.0 Fh
Page 215 and 216:
Saturated Sand Cutting. Preal Real
Page 217 and 218:
Clay Cutting. Chapter 7: Clay Cutti
Page 219 and 220:
Clay Cutting. 7.3. The Influence of
Page 221 and 222:
Clay Cutting. From this equation, s
Page 223 and 224:
Clay Cutting. a material on which a
Page 225 and 226:
Clay Cutting. 7.3.4. The Proposed T
Page 227 and 228:
Clay Cutting. 100 90 Shear Strength
Page 229 and 230:
Clay Cutting. 7.3.6. Abelev & Valen
Page 231 and 232:
Clay Cutting. 2500 The Strain Rate
Page 233 and 234:
Clay Cutting. 7.4. The Flow Type. 7
Page 235 and 236:
Clay Cutting. F s ch i w s ah b
Page 237 and 238:
Clay Cutting. Figure 7-22 shows the
Page 239 and 240:
Clay Cutting. The Horizontal Cuttin
Page 241 and 242:
Clay Cutting. 7.5. The Tear Type. 7
Page 243 and 244:
7.5.3. The Mobilized Shear Strength
Page 245 and 246:
7.5.4. The Resulting Cutting Forces
Page 247 and 248:
Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
Page 249 and 250:
Clay Cutting. This gives for the no
Page 251 and 252:
Clay Cutting. Substituting equation
Page 253 and 254:
Clay Cutting. Figure 7-34: The equi
Page 255 and 256:
Clay Cutting. Vertical Cutting Forc
Page 257 and 258:
Clay Cutting. 0.30 Vertical Cutting
Page 259 and 260:
Clay Cutting. 1000 Clay Cutting Esp
Page 261 and 262:
Clay Cutting. Shear Angle β vs. Bl
Page 263 and 264:
Clay Cutting. Horizontal Cutting Fo
Page 265 and 266:
Clay Cutting. 7.9. Nomenclature. a
Page 267 and 268:
Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Condition
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
8.2.3. Based on UTS and UCS. Rock C
Page 277 and 278:
8.2.5. Hoek & Brown (1988). Rock Cu
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
8.3. Cutting Models. Rock Cutting:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
8.3.5. The Nishimatsu Model. Rock C
Page 297 and 298:
sin Rock Cutting: Atmospheric Cond
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338: Rock Cutting: Hyperbaric Conditions
Page 345 and 346: 9.8. Specific Energy Graphs. Rock C
Page 351 and 352: The Occurrence of a Wedge. Chapter
Page 353 and 354: The Occurrence of a Wedge. 19. A fo
Page 355 and 356: The Occurrence of a Wedge. h 4 4
Page 357 and 358: 10.3. The Equilibrium of Moments. T
Page 359 and 360: A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Chapte
Page 361 and 362: A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. The no
Page 363 and 364: A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. Figure
Page 365 and 366: 11.4. Results of some Calculations.
Page 367 and 368: A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.5.
Page 369 and 370: A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting. 11.6.
Page 371 and 372: A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
Page 383 and 384: 12.4. The Equilibrium of Moments. A
Page 387: A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting.
Page 393 and 394: 12.8. Experiments. A Wedge in Satur
Page 401 and 402: 12.10. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Sat
Page 403 and 404: A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Chapter 13
Page 405 and 406: A Wedge in Clay Cutting. on the equ
Page 407 and 408: A Wedge in Clay Cutting. Figure 13-
Page 409 and 410: A Wedge in Clay Cutting. L3 L7
Page 411 and 412: A Wedge in Atmospheric Rock Cutting
Page 417 and 418: 14.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Atmo
Page 419 and 420: A Wedge in Hyperbaric Rock Cutting.
Page 425 and 426: 15.4. Nomenclature. A Wedge in Hype
Page 427 and 428: Exercises. Chapter 16: Exercises. 1
Page 429 and 430: Exercises. 16.2.8. Calc.: Bulldozer
Page 431 and 432: Exercises. 16.3. Chapter 3: The Gen
Page 433 and 434: Exercises. 16.4.5. MC: Hyperbaric R
Page 435 and 436: Exercises. 16.6. Chapter 6: Water S
Page 437 and 438: Exercises. 2 2 1 w c i c g v h
Page 439 and 440:
Exercises. F: Determine the pore pr
Page 441 and 442:
Exercises. E sp Fh vc Fh Fh 10
Page 443 and 444:
Exercises. 1,000 Pore Pressures on
Page 445 and 446:
Exercises. A tensile strength of -2
Page 447 and 448:
Exercises. Shear Stress vs. Normal
Page 449 and 450:
Exercises. 70 60 50 40 Shear Stress
Page 451 and 452:
Exercises. 16.8.4. Calc.: Cutting F
Page 453 and 454:
Exercises. 16.8.5. Calc.: Cutting F
Page 455 and 456:
Exercises. 16.9. Chapter 9: Hyperba
Page 457 and 458:
Bibliography. Chapter 17: Bibliogra
Page 459 and 460:
Bibliography. Miedema, S. (1989, De
Page 461 and 462:
Figures & Tables. Chapter 18: Figur
Page 463 and 464:
Figures & Tables. Figure 5-20: The
Page 465 and 466:
Figures & Tables. Figure 8-5: Const
Page 467 and 468:
Figures & Tables. Figure 12-11: The
Page 469 and 470:
18.2. List of Figures in Appendices
Page 471 and 472:
Figures & Tables. Figure U-2: Speci
Page 473 and 474:
Figures & Tables. Figure Y-27: A la
Page 475 and 476:
Figures & Tables. 18.3. List of Tab
Page 477 and 478:
18.4. List of Tables in Appendices.
Page 479 and 480:
Appendices. Chapter 19: Appendices.
Page 481 and 482:
Active & Passive Soil Failure Coeff
Page 483 and 484:
Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Appe
Page 485 and 486:
Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.1.
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.2
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. B.3
Page 497 and 498:
Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients. Perc
Page 499 and 500:
Dimensionless Pore Pressures p1m &
Page 501 and 502:
The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
Page 503 and 504:
The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating.
Page 505 and 506:
Appendix E: The Coefficient c1. The
Page 507 and 508:
The Coefficient c1. Table E-3: c1 f
Page 509 and 510:
Appendix F: The Coefficient c2. The
Page 511 and 512:
The Coefficient c2. Table F-3: c2 f
Page 513 and 514:
Appendix G: The Coefficient a1. The
Page 515 and 516:
The Coefficient a1. Table G-3: a1 f
Page 517 and 518:
The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Appe
Page 519 and 520:
The Shear Angle β Cavitating. Tabl
Page 521 and 522:
Appendix I: The Coefficient d1. The
Page 523 and 524:
The Coefficient d1. Table I-3: d1 f
Page 525 and 526:
Appendix J: The Coefficient d2. The
Page 527 and 528:
The Coefficient d2. Table J-3: d2 f
Page 529 and 530:
The Properties of the 200 μm Sand.
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
The Snow Plough Effect. Appendix N:
Page 561 and 562:
The Snow Plough Effect. 10.0 8.0 Fh
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
The Snow Plough Effect. 20.0 16.0 F
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Specific Energy in Sand. Appendix O
Page 573 and 574:
Specific Energy in Sand. 2500 Speci
Page 575 and 576:
Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
Page 577 and 578:
Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitati
Page 579 and 580:
Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
Page 581 and 582:
Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating.
Page 583 and 584:
Pore Pressures with Wedge. Appendix
Page 585 and 586:
Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
Page 587 and 588:
Pore Pressures with Wedge. Table R-
Page 589 and 590:
FEM Calculations with Wedge. Append
Page 591 and 592:
FEM Calculations with Wedge. Figure
Page 593 and 594:
S.3 The 75 Degree Blade. FEM Calcul
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Appendix T: Force Triangles. Force
Page 601 and 602:
Force Triangles. Figure T-3: The fo
Page 603 and 604:
Force Triangles. Figure T-5: The fo
Page 605 and 606:
Specific Energy in Clay. Appendix U
Page 607 and 608:
Specific Energy in Clay. 6000 Speci
Page 609 and 610:
Clay Cutting Charts. Appendix V: Cl
Page 611 and 612:
Clay Cutting Charts. The Vertical C
Page 613 and 614:
Clay Cutting Charts. Shear Angle β
Page 615 and 616:
Clay Cutting Charts. V.3 The Curlin
Page 617 and 618:
Rock Cutting Charts. Appendix W: Ro
Page 619 and 620:
Rock Cutting Charts. W.2 The Transi
Page 621 and 622:
Rock Cutting Charts. A & B: Tensile
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Rock Cutting Charts. W.5 Brittle Te
Page 635 and 636:
Rock Cutting Charts. W.6 Brittle Te
Page 637 and 638:
Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. App
Page 639 and 640:
Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. 100
Page 641 and 642:
Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts. X.2
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
Page 661 and 662:
Page 663 and 664:
Page 665 and 666:
Applications & Equipment. Appendix
Page 667 and 668:
Y.2 Bucket Ladder Dredges. Applicat
Page 669 and 670:
Y.3 Cutter Suction Dredges. Applica
Page 671 and 672:
Applications & Equipment. Figure Y-
Page 673 and 674:
Applications & Equipment. Y.4 Trail
Page 675 and 676:
Page 677 and 678:
Y.5 Backhoe Dredges. Applications &
Page 679 and 680:
Y.6 Clamshell Dredges. Applications
Page 681 and 682:
Page 683 and 684:
Y.7 Bucket Wheel Dredges. Applicati
Page 685 and 686:
Y.8 Braun Kohle Bergbau. Applicatio
Page 687 and 688:
Y.9 Deep Sea Mining. Applications &
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Y.10 Cable Trenching. Applications
Page 693 and 694:
Y.11 Offshore Pipeline Trenching. A
Page 695 and 696:
Y.12 Dry Trenching. Applications &
Page 697 and 698:
Applications & Equipment. Y.13 PDC
Page 699 and 700:
Applications & Equipment. Y.14 Bull
Page 701 and 702:
Applications & Equipment. Y.15 Dry
Page 703 and 704:
Y.16 Tunnel Boring Machines. Applic
Page 705 and 706:
Publications. Appendix Z: Publicati
Page 707 and 708:
Publications. 52. Miedema, S.A.,
Page 710:
show all

The Delft Sand, Clay & Rock Cutting Model, 2019a

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?