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<strong>ESMO</strong>-JSMO Joint Symposium:<br />

Recent advances in <strong>the</strong> treatment of GI<br />

tract and liver cancer in <strong>the</strong> EU and<br />

Japan<br />

124IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: PRESENT TREATMENT<br />

STRATEGY IN JAPAN<br />

J. Furuse<br />

Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo,<br />

JAPAN<br />

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops mainly from liver cirrhosis due to<br />

hepatitis B or C virus infection. A screening system in patients with cirrhosis is<br />

important to diagnose HCC at as earlier a stage as possible. As a result, in Japan,<br />

approximately 90% of HCC patients successfully undergo local <strong>the</strong>rapies including<br />

hepatectomy, local ablation, and transca<strong>the</strong>ter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).<br />

However, many patients develop recurrences or progression after <strong>the</strong>se treatments,<br />

and an effective systemic <strong>the</strong>rapy is needed to improve <strong>the</strong> survival.<br />

Sorafenib is <strong>the</strong> first agent which demonstrated survival benefits in patients with<br />

unresectable advanced HCC that was approved for HCC in Japan in May, 2009, and<br />

more than 13,000 patients have received systemic <strong>the</strong>rapy using sorafenib. In a survey<br />

by <strong>the</strong> Study Group on New Liver Cancer under <strong>the</strong> auspices of <strong>the</strong> Health and<br />

Labour Sciences Research Grant in Japan, 264 patients treated with sorafenib were<br />

analyzed and 90% of <strong>the</strong>se patients treated with sorafenib received prior treatments<br />

including hepatectomy, local ablation and/or TACE. Common adverse events were<br />

hand-foot skin reaction, rash and diarrhea. The median overall survival was 11.0<br />

months. These results were comparable with those of a large phase III trial of<br />

sorafenib, <strong>the</strong> SHARP trial.<br />

Following sorafenib, several targeted agents are currently under investigation in <strong>the</strong><br />

treatment of HCC at various stages. Large randomized control trials are needed to<br />

establish new standard treatments, and most trials have been conducted in<br />

international collaboration including Japan. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, some trials are<br />

conducted only in Japan, for example combination of hepatic arterial infusion<br />

chemo<strong>the</strong>rapy with sorafenib.<br />

In this presentation, <strong>the</strong> outcomes of sorafenib treatment in Japan and recent clinical<br />

trials in chemo<strong>the</strong>rapy are summarized and discussed.<br />

Disclosure: J. Furuse: I received honoraria and consulting fee from Bayer, Eli Lilly,<br />

Taiho, Chugai and Eisai.<br />

125IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN THE EU<br />

J. Bruix<br />

Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic y Provincial de Barcelona, University of Barcelona,<br />

Barcelona, SPAIN<br />

The incidence of liver cancer varies across Europe. However, while figures have<br />

stabilised in Italy and Spain, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn countries present a slight increase in recent<br />

years. In most cases, liver cancer appears in <strong>the</strong> background of chronic liver disease<br />

related to hepatitis C or B, infection and alcoholism, among o<strong>the</strong>r risk factors.<br />

Current data show that hepatocellular carcinoma is <strong>the</strong> leading cause of death in<br />

patients with cirrhosis and that <strong>the</strong> incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is<br />

on <strong>the</strong> rise. Because of its clinical relevance all scientific associations have developed<br />

practice guidelines to inform patients, physicians and regulatory agents about <strong>the</strong><br />

established diagnostic and <strong>the</strong>rapeutic procedures. Non-invassive diagnostic criteria<br />

have been accepted and in almost all documents <strong>the</strong> recommended strategy for<br />

staging and treatment indication is <strong>the</strong> BCLC model. Following it, patients diagnosed<br />

with HCC are stratified into stages for which different treatment options are to be<br />

considered.<br />

References<br />

1. Jelic S, Sotiropoulos GC; <strong>ESMO</strong> Guidelines Working GroupHepatocellular<br />

carcinoma: <strong>ESMO</strong> Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and followup.<br />

Ann Oncol. 2010 ;21 Suppl 5:v59–64<br />

2. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update.<br />

Hepatology. 2011 Mar 1;53 (3):1020–2.<br />

3. EASL-EORTC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular<br />

carcinoma. J Hepatol. <strong>2012</strong> Apr;56 (4):908–43.<br />

4. Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. <strong>2012</strong>;379<br />

(9822):1245–55.<br />

Disclosure: The author has declared no conflicts of interest.<br />

Annals of Oncology 23 (Supplement 9): ix63, <strong>2012</strong><br />

doi:10.1093/annonc/mds487<br />

126IN COLORECTAL CANCER: A NEW ORAL CYTOTOXIC AGENT<br />

REAPPEARS<br />

T. Yoshino<br />

Department of Gastroenterology & Gi Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital<br />

East, Kashiwa, JAPAN<br />

Cytotoxic agents, such as fluoropyrimidine, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin and antibodies<br />

such as bevacizumab, and cetuximab and panitumumab have been shown to<br />

significantly improve <strong>the</strong> survival of patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal<br />

cancer (mCRC). Although many patients have a good long-term performance status,<br />

a standard <strong>the</strong>rapy for patients refractory to or unable to tolerate <strong>the</strong>se agents does<br />

not currently exist. TAS-102 is a novel oral nucleoside antitumor agent consisting of<br />

trifluorothymidine (FTD) and 5-chloro-6-(2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl) methyl-2,4<br />

(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione hydrochloride (TPI) at a molar ratio of 1 to 0.5. TAS-102<br />

possesses a mechanism of action different from that of o<strong>the</strong>r antitumor agents,<br />

including fluoropyrimidine, irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Based on a phase I clinical<br />

trial in Japan, <strong>the</strong> recommended dose of TAS-102 (35 mg/m 2 /b.i.d) twice daily<br />

administered orally in days 1-5 and 8-12 of a 28-day cycle was determined. These<br />

results indicated that TAS-102 was expected to fur<strong>the</strong>r improve <strong>the</strong> outcomes of<br />

patients with unresectable mCRC. We conducted randomized, double-blind phase II<br />

trial as a placebo-controlled study to evaluate <strong>the</strong> efficacy of TAS-102. A total of 172<br />

colorectal cancer patients who were refractory or intolerable to 2 or more regimens of<br />

standard chemo<strong>the</strong>rapy with a fluoropyrimidine, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin<br />

underwent ei<strong>the</strong>r TAS-102 plus best supportive care (BSC) (114 patients) or placebo<br />

plus BSC (58 patients) with <strong>the</strong> primary endpoint of overall survival. TAS-102<br />

significantly decreased death risk compared to placebo (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95%<br />

confidential interval [CI], 0.39-0.81; P = 0.0011). The median overall survival was 9.0<br />

months in <strong>the</strong> TAS-102 group and 6.6 months in <strong>the</strong> placebo group. TAS-102<br />

significantly improved progression-free survival (median, 2.0 months vs 1.0 month;<br />

hazard ratio, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.28-0.59; P < 0.0001). TAS-102 was effective regardless of<br />

KRAS mutational status. Grade 3 or higher adverse events observed in <strong>the</strong> TAS-102<br />

group were neutropenia (50.4%), leucopenia (28.3%), and anemia (16.8%). There<br />

were no treatment-related deaths. An international phase III trial is ongoing to<br />

confirm <strong>the</strong> clinical benefits of TAS-102 worldwide.<br />

Disclosure: T. Yoshino: I have honoraria with Chugai, Takeda, Bristol-Myers Squibb,<br />

Yakult and Merck Serono. I have research funding from Bayer, Taiho, Daiichi-sankyo<br />

and Quintiles. I have received consulting fee from Takeda.<br />

127IN CAN PET IMAGING HELP INDIVIDUALIZE THE TREATMENT<br />

OF COLORECTAL CANCER PATIENTS?<br />

A. Hendlisz<br />

Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, BELGIUM<br />

While <strong>the</strong> science of medicine tries to understand <strong>the</strong> rules and hidden laws behind<br />

diseases and <strong>the</strong>ir management, <strong>the</strong> art of medicine aims to treat individual patients<br />

by matching clinical observations and existing knowledge. The ambiguity between <strong>the</strong><br />

art and <strong>the</strong> science of medicine has never been so obvious than in our attempts to<br />

tailor cancer treatment to individual patients: <strong>the</strong> growing evidence of tumor<br />

heterogeneity makes understanding a patient’s disease increasingly complex, especially<br />

when one considers <strong>the</strong> inadequacy of current assessment tools, which is becoming<br />

more apparent each day. In <strong>the</strong> setting of advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC), three<br />

main clinical situations coexist: metastasis that is immediately resectable with curative<br />

intent, borderline resectable disease and definitively non-resectable disease. Despite<br />

broad parameters within which to treat disease, clinicians lack tools that can rapidly<br />

and reliably point out treatment inefficiency in order to allow a <strong>the</strong>rapeutic strategy to<br />

be quickly stopped or adapted. The usual endpoints of prospective randomized trials,<br />

which form <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> science of medicine, are seldom usable at <strong>the</strong> bedside to<br />

exercise <strong>the</strong> art of medicine. Death (overall survival) and progression (progression-free<br />

survival) both occur too long after <strong>the</strong> beginning of a treatment, and quality of life is<br />

much too subjective. The RECIST-based response rate is more readily available and<br />

relatively well standardized, but careful analysis reveals a definite but only small<br />

correlation with survival outcome in <strong>the</strong> aCRC setting. Several alternates for tumor<br />

response assessment have been studied: plasma tumor markers, circulating tumor cells,<br />

and functional imaging, notably <strong>the</strong> FDG-PET scan. However, few data from<br />

well-structured studies are available, and <strong>the</strong>y are sometimes discordant. Among <strong>the</strong>se<br />

alternatives, metabolic imaging by FDG-PET appears to be <strong>the</strong> most promising,<br />

bearing <strong>the</strong> highest and <strong>the</strong> most reproducible negative predictive value. This means<br />

that it could become useful both in <strong>the</strong> daily clinic and to develop new concepts for<br />

clinical trials. The aim of this review is to present <strong>the</strong> available evidence, point out<br />

areas of weakness, and consider how current findings might shape <strong>the</strong> future<br />

development of both FDG-PET techniques and study designs.<br />

Disclosure: The author has declared no conflicts of interest.<br />

Volume 23 | Supplement 9 | September <strong>2012</strong> doi:10.1093/annonc/mds487 | ix63

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