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Key recommendations for researchers We consider that researchers (individuals, centres or organizations) will already have the necessary experience to deal with the associated tasks. However, for researchers who may be less experienced in cultural participation surveys, we thought it is helpful to emphasise a few key points. 1) Surveys carried out in other countries can provide inspiration and examples but cannot simply be ‘copied’ with minor changes and used in a different context. Specific working tools need to be developed for each country as appropriate, although the excerpts from international surveys included in Chapter 2 can provide some guidance. 2) The draft model included in this handbook (in Chapter 3) should be treated as a checklist supporting the preliminary phases of survey design, a reminder of the main aims of any survey and of various aspects to be tackled. It is neither the skeleton of a complete questionnaire, nor a model simply to be refined. 3) The first part of Chapter 2 can also be used as a theoretical checklist, to ensure that all the relevant elements are tackled in the survey. Should this not be possible, researchers should at least be aware of the multiplicity of issues surrounding cultural participation. - 15 -
Chapter 2. Defining, measuring and understanding cultural participation Cultural participation is at the core of a complex puzzle. Defining cultural participation as an object of enquiry requires that we first define culture, and then consider, amongst other issues, motivation, patterns of behaviour, places of consumption and meanings. Some authors suggest a need to assess whether the definitions of cultural activities and participation used in the surveys should even be shared with respondents. The boundaries of the subject of enquiry, and the definition of cultural participation, are deeply influenced by the nature and the main activities of interest of the agency or department that has commissioned the research (Schuster, 1987). It is hard to imagine a universal definition condensing all the issues surrounding cultural participation into a single sentence. It is equally hard to list all the definitions used by different authors and authorities, in different contexts and periods, and with different objectives. 2 In the following pages, we have chosen instead to highlight some elements that various definitions of cultural participation appearing in different documents have in common, with the aim of understanding the key features to be considered for measurement purposes and the objectives and logic used for classification (Chapter 2.1). Chapter 2.2 tackles key issues about the concept of cultural participation from a theoretical perspective and, more practically, through a review of international surveys. 2.1 Defining culture and cultural participation In order to define culture for statistical purposes, the 2009 FCS (UNESCO-UIS, 2009) provides a pragmatic definition of culture based on the concept of cultural domains. These include cultural activities, goods and services that are involved in all phases of the culture cycle or ‘value chain’ model: creation, production, dissemination, exhibition/reception/transmission, production/ consumption. Other related domains are linked to the broader definition of culture, encompassing social and recreational activities. These domains represent the minimum set of core cultural domains for which UNESCO would encourage countries to collect comparative data. Cultural domains are: - A: Cultural and Natural Heritage - B: Performance and Celebration - C: Visual Arts and Crafts - D: Books and Press - E: Audio-visual and Interactive Media - F: Design and Creative Services - Intangible Cultural Heritage (transversal domain). Related domains are: - G: Tourism - H: Sports and Recreation 2 However, Annex IV provides a list of the definitions of cultural participation used in the surveys listed in Chapter 3. - 16 -
Page 1 and 2: 2695 mEaSUriNG CUltUral PartiCiPati
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A. PURPOSE B. INDICATORS C. SAMPLE
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Active participation through volunt
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paid to re-shaping the definition o
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4.2 What makes a good cultural part
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In many cases, when cultural differ
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Last access to links: 5 September 2
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Eurostat (2008). The Life of Women
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UNESCO-UIS (2006). Guidelines for M
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UNESCO (2001). Universal Declaratio
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Ogrodnik, L. Patterns in Culture Co
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Patterns in Culture Consumption and
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Cultural Experience Survey 2002 (Ne
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Encuesta Nacional de Prácticas y C
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A profile of the cultural and herit
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Culture and the Arts Survey, Greate
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Survey on Time Use and Leisure Acti
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attendance. Notes The SPPA surveys
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Latinobarómetro (Latin America, 19
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O hábito de lazer cultural do bras
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CEI2010: Philadelphia Cultural enga
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Cultural Statistics Eurostat 2011 (
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emotional, socio-cultural, politica
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After discussing these relationship
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This monograph has specific and con
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National Endowment for the Arts (20
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One last topic mentioned in this pa
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Chapter 2 “Trends in Arts Educati
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framework cultural statistics attem
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National Endowment for the Arts (20
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Novak-Leonard, Jennifer L. and Alan
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