STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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urban poor, particularly in slums and squatter settlements. Deficient infrastructure can drive up the costs of doing business in urban areas and reduce firm productivity by as much as 40 per cent30 , and its impact can be as large as those of crime, bureaucracy, corruption or financial market constraints. 31 Deficient infrastructure is also a major impediment to trade and competitiveness in many developing countries, particularly landlocked and small island states. In the case of Africa, the proportion of paved roads in is about five times less than in high income OECD countries; the end-result of this infrastructure bottleneck is that transport costs are 63% higher in African countries compared with developed countries. 32 This has major implications for competitiveness of African cities on local and international markets. High incidence of slums and poverty Slums feature the most deplorable living and environmental conditions and are characterized by inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, overcrowded and dilapidated housing, hazardous locations, insecurity of tenure and vulnerability to serious health risks – all of which have major implications for quality of life. Slums are also known for their atmosphere of fear and the social and economic exclusion of their residents. 33 Slum dwellers are often Figure 3.1.2 Perceived impediments to the prosperity of cities per cent of respondents 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 99 From Comparative Advantage to Urban Prosperity stigmatized on account of Cities with large their location and are often proportions of their discriminated against in populations living in slum conditions are less likely to terms of access to public be prosperous. and social services, as well as employment. Slum prevalence is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (62 per cent), where basic services are lacking not only in informal, but formal settlements, too. North Africa features the lowest prevalence (13 per cent). In Asia, the average proportion of urban populations living in slums ranges from 25 per cent in Western Asia to 35 per cent in South Asia. In Latin America and the Caribbean, average slum prevalence is 24 per cent. To a large extent, regional patterns of slum prevalence reflect degrees of access to basic services such as water and sanitation, as well as the nature of urban development policies. Poor governance & weak institutions Corruption Inadequate infrastructure High incidence of slums and poverty High levels of crime High cost of doing business Low levels of human capital Africa Asia LAC Arab States All regions Source: UN-Habitat City Monitoring Policy Survey, 2011 FACT Inadequate infrastructure is a major impediment to the prosperity of cities. The impacts of deficient infrastructure appear to be more pronounced in Asian and African cities and less so in Arab States. FACT
State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013 FACT Large concentrations of slums impose enormous burdens on urban authorities that often lack the resources to provide even the most basic services, with obvious consequences on prosperity. Rather than opting for proactive perspective on urban development, cities with large concentrations of slums are likely to adopt antagonistic or fragmentary approaches, which among other shortcomings tends to be expensive in the long term. Mumbai, India: where there is inadequate access to, or provision of, resources, people will improvise dwellings using whatever comes to hand. © 2012 Nicola Barranger/fotoLIBRA.com High cost of doing business In Africa, countries like Mauritania, Cameroon, Burundi, Benin, Eritrea, and Guinea Bissau are ranked low in terms of the ease of doing business. 34 This means that their capital cities – Nouakchott, Yaoundé, Bujumbura, Porto Novo, Asmara and Bissau, will be characterized by a high cost 100 of doing business and thus, likely to be less prosperous compared to other African cities located in countries where the cost of doing business in low. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Brazil, Honduras, Bolivia, Haiti and Suriname are ranked relatively low on the ease of doing business. In Brazilian
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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Foreword This is a time of crises.
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Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
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Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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State of the World’s Cities 2012/
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Part Two
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Chapter 2.1 Productivity and the Pr
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Page 89: Part Three Policies for Prosperous
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Page 94 and 95: Urban planning can contribute to th
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Page 102 and 103: cities, the business environment is
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 3.2 Innovating to Support t
Page 106 and 107: Innovating to Support the Transitio
Page 108 and 109: model to rebuild local government a
Page 110 and 111: exceptions, modern urban planning h
Page 112 and 113: Working on the five ‘spokes’: I
Page 114 and 115: As suggested earlier, it is in the
Page 116 and 117: Urban Planning/Design & Prosperity
Page 118 and 119: Box 3.2.3 Individual versus collect
Page 120 and 121: uilding codes to support urban refo
Page 122 and 123: 10 Government of Singapore (2010) S
Page 124 and 125: Table 1 City Prosperity Index and c
Page 126 and 127: Table 2 Proportion of urban populat
Page 128 and 129: Urban Slum Population at Mid-year b
Page 130 and 131: Country/City BRAzIL City Population
Page 132 and 133: Country/City Table 4 City Populatio
Page 134 and 135: Country/City City Population of Urb
Page 136 and 137: Country/City InDIA Table 4 City Pop
Page 138 and 139: Country/City IRELAnD City Populatio
Page 140 and 141: Country/City myAnmAR City Populatio
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Urban Population (’000) Level of
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STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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