STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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24/7 to its residents”. 6 On the other hand, water scarcity is unknown in Singapore, according to all local respondents to the survey. Other cities where water shortages are perceived to be relatively insignificant include Chongqing, Gaziantep, Kuwait City and Shenzhen. Water shortages vary a lot in Latin American cities: The UN-Habitat survey revealed that eight of the 15 cities under review in this region were found to have serious water shortages, including Havana, Panama City, Guarenas (Venezuela), Lima, Ciudad del Este (Paraguay) and Guadalajara. Cities with moderate water scarcity are Tijuana, La Paz and Valparaíso. Those cities without perceived water shortages are Medellín, Fort de France (French Antilles) and Montevideo. Differences in shortages across cities reflect local conditions and the state of water management. In 2011, Havana experienced its worst water shortage since 1961 due to the effects of drought and depletion of fresh supplies as well as a deteriorated network (70 per cent in poor condition).7 In contrast, regular supplies in Medellín reflect sound management by Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM), one of the most successful public utility companies in Latin America. In 2009, EPM launched the Water Programme Litros de Amor to provide free-ofcharge water (a daily 25 litres per head) to economically poor households. 8 Limited water shortages in Arab State cities: Despite their typical location in hyper-arid regions, Arab state cities generally do not suffer from severe water shortages. However, according to local experts, three of the surveyed cities are finding water supply a major challenge: Amman, Basra and Saida (Lebanon). In Amman, the situation is quite critical with supplies only once or twice a week. 9 In Basra, the supply falls short of around 33 per cent of the needs of the population. 10 Residents often complain about quality (taste, smell and colour). 11 POLICy Arab cities deemed to be meeting their water needs include Aqaba, Doha, Al-Muharrak (Bahrain), Dubai and Erbil. There are remarkable inter-city differences in experts’ perceptions Cities authorities need to systematically maintain their stock of infrastructure to ensure that the benefits of infrastructure are fully capitalized. It is in their interest to improve coordination with the different levels of government in the design, provision and maintenance of infrastructure. 51 FACT Urban Infrastructure: Bedrock of Prosperity The success of Singapore in meeting local water demand is down to effective water governance. The specialized agency has developed a long-term strategy known as the Four National Taps to ensure a robust and sustainable supply of water. The strategy entails using water from different water sources: water catchment, recycled water, desalinated water and imported water. FACT Many Arab cities are able to meet their water requirements because of the high political priority given to the provision of this public good. 12 City authorities have improved water security through increased supplies, demand management, conservation and desalination. 13 Saudi Arabia: an old water tower, a well-known feature in the city of Riyadh. © Fedor Selivanov/Shutterstock.com
State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013 Box 2.2.1 Ranking of Urban Infrastructure UN-Habitat survey experts report that across all developing regions the least developed components of urban infrastructure relate to recreation, sanitation and urban transport, while the most developed is telecommunications; all of this has important implications for urban prosperity. For instance, the low priority Ranking ranking 5.0 most developed least developed 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 Water Sanitation Electricity Telecommunications Transport infrastructure Recreation Water Sanitation Electricity Telecommunications Transport infrastructure Recreation regarding the coverage and quality of urban infrastructure. These differences are discussed below with respect to water, roads and ICTs. Trends in Road Infrastructure The road network will rank amongst any city’s most prized assets, as it facilitates the movement of people and goods. Apart from access, road networks also form the basic grid for trunk infrastructure for water, sanitation and power supplies. Roads also contribute to effective mobility, which is crucial for the prosperity of cities. Congested roads and poor facilities for pedestrians are the most pervasive transport problems affecting cities in developing countries. The UN-Habitat survey shows that to a large majority of experts – 96 per cent in Africa; 91 per cent in Asia; 88 per cent in Latin America; and 80 per cent in Arab states – traffic congestion is the main form of infrastructure deficiency plaguing cities in those regions, hindering 52 given to recreational infrastructure implies that access to public spaces in many cities is limited, as indicated in Chapter 2.3 (Quality of Life). Similarly, the low priority given to urban transport has wider-ranging implications, in this case for intra- and interurban mobility. Africa Asia LAC Arab States All regions Source: UN-Habitat, City Monitoring Branch, Policy Survey, Water Sanitation Electricity Telecommunications Transport infrastructure Recreation free movement and making travel frustrating and time- consuming. 14 Water Sanitation Electricity Telecommunications Transport infrastructure Recreation Water Sanitation Electricity Telecommunications Transport infrastructure Recreation Road infrastructure remains poor in African cities: In most African cities, roads account for less than seven per cent of land area, compared with 25–30 per cent in developed cities. 15 In cities such as Kinshasa, Kampala and Ouagadougou, paved roads account for less than 12 per cent of the whole urban network. In many cities, the road network has barely kept pace with urban growth: in Douala, for instance, it has remained unchanged for the past 20 years despite a doubling of the population, increased numbers of vehicles, and urban sprawl. 16 FACT The dysfunctional nature of Road congestion, poor facilities for pedestrians, power outages and flooding are major infrastructural deficiencies, and thus adversely affect the prosperity of cities.
Page 1 and 2: PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © United Nations Human S
Page 5 and 6: Foreword This is a time of crises.
Page 7: Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2.4 Equity and the Prosperi
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 2.5 Environmental Sustainab
Page 89: Part Three Policies for Prosperous
Page 92 and 93: 91 From Comparative Advantage to Ur
Page 94 and 95: Urban planning can contribute to th
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cities, the business environment is
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Chapter 3.2 Innovating to Support t
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Innovating to Support the Transitio
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model to rebuild local government a
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exceptions, modern urban planning h
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Working on the five ‘spokes’: I
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As suggested earlier, it is in the
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Urban Planning/Design & Prosperity
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Box 3.2.3 Individual versus collect
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uilding codes to support urban refo
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10 Government of Singapore (2010) S
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Table 1 City Prosperity Index and c
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Table 2 Proportion of urban populat
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Urban Slum Population at Mid-year b
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Country/City BRAzIL City Population
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Country/City Table 4 City Populatio
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Country/City City Population of Urb
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Country/City InDIA Table 4 City Pop
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Country/City IRELAnD City Populatio
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Country/City myAnmAR City Populatio
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Urban Population (’000) Level of
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STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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