STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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Innovating to Support the Transition to the City of the 21st Century Singapore: an innovative bronze sculpture of five boys jumping into the river for a swim, by local sculptor Chong Fah Cheong, installed at the Open Air Interpretive Centre along the Singapore River serves to remind viewers of the essential freedoms that underpin a vital and prosperous city. © Sengkang 105
State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013 culture) as a way to drive economic growth and prosperity. 14 Still in China, Chongqing has utilized a state-led investment to stimulate the economy and improve social welfare by optimizing endogenous development through research and technology. Chongqing strategy “Three Centers, Two Hubs, and One Base” connects business, finance and education with a strong support of infrastructure, communication and a modern base of hightech industry. 15 In contrast to FACT Asia, the share of R&D as a per cent of GDP expenditure in Africa and Latin America is low, where not next to nil. In the absence of any systematic public sector involvement, creativity and innovation largely remain the purview of the private sector. In southeast Turkey, Gaziantep – one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world – has deliberately embraced R&D and innovation, with various educational institutions explicitly supporting entrepreneurship. Business has cooperated with public authorities to launch a number of initiatives known as Trademark City, Smart Industry, Teknopark, Innovation Valley and R&D Movement to Nairobi, Kenya: children play in a schoolyard in Kibera. The newly introduced Pesapal system enables school fees to be paid by the Internet or mobile telephone. © Meunierd/Shutterstock.com 106 open up markets, diversify the economy and promote employment in the search of prosperity. 16 With the exception of South Africa and Brazil, which recorded the highest expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP in their respective regions (around 1 per cent in 2008), the Latin America region and the Sub-Saharan Africa had an average expenditure of about 0.6 per cent. In some African countries such as Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda, Zambia, among many others, this expenditure was under 0.4 per cent. 17 A vARIETy OF SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL INNOvATIONS Many factors stand in the way of urban innovation, especially in developing countries. Not all these factors have been sufficiently identified, understood or addressed. Still, seven major types of deficiency seem to play significant roles: (1) poor physical and knowledge infrastructure; (2) an absence of appropriate innovation policies (due to lack of interest or understanding); (3) limited financial resources; (4) weak local institutions (formal or informal); (5) unavailability of human resources (number and qualification of personnel); (6) lack of stakeholder participation and coordination in the elaboration and implementation of innovation policies; and (7) poor incentives (if any). In other cases, the problems instead lie in technology transfer and poor adaptation to local know-how. 18 But then ‘home-made’ innovations, too, can be poorly related to local and national conditions, or overlook the needs of the underprivileged, when they fail “to take into due consideration the plurality of knowledge and technological options” that are locally available. 19 The city of Johannesburg has adopted an innovative governance
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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Foreword This is a time of crises.
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Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
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Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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State of the World’s Cities 2012/
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Part Two
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Chapter 2.1 Productivity and the Pr
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Chapter 2.2 Urban Infrastructure: B
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Page 89: Part Three Policies for Prosperous
Page 92 and 93: 91 From Comparative Advantage to Ur
Page 94 and 95: Urban planning can contribute to th
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Page 100 and 101: urban poor, particularly in slums a
Page 102 and 103: cities, the business environment is
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Page 108 and 109: model to rebuild local government a
Page 110 and 111: exceptions, modern urban planning h
Page 112 and 113: Working on the five ‘spokes’: I
Page 114 and 115: As suggested earlier, it is in the
Page 116 and 117: Urban Planning/Design & Prosperity
Page 118 and 119: Box 3.2.3 Individual versus collect
Page 120 and 121: uilding codes to support urban refo
Page 122 and 123: 10 Government of Singapore (2010) S
Page 124 and 125: Table 1 City Prosperity Index and c
Page 126 and 127: Table 2 Proportion of urban populat
Page 128 and 129: Urban Slum Population at Mid-year b
Page 130 and 131: Country/City BRAzIL City Population
Page 132 and 133: Country/City Table 4 City Populatio
Page 134 and 135: Country/City City Population of Urb
Page 136 and 137: Country/City InDIA Table 4 City Pop
Page 138 and 139: Country/City IRELAnD City Populatio
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Page 148 and 149: Urban Population (’000) Level of
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STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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