STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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institutions and grassroots leaders collaborating on community outreach schemes, and various programmes involving the citizenry in the ‘sustainable’ agenda. The city- State’s ‘compact city initiative’ promotes density, facilitates mass transit and includes a ‘walkable’ campaign. Under Singapore’s waste management scheme, 58 per cent of solid wastes are recycled, another 40 per cent incinerated to produce energy, and the remaining two per cent goes to a purpose built off-shore sanitary landfill. CITIES IN ARAB STATES Across Arab States, only one-third of local experts consider that economic development has unintended detrimental effects on the environment (Figure 2.5.3). However, this favourable average conceals sharp differences across cities. Experts that view that economic development has negative effects on the environment are an overwhelming majority in Beirut, and 50 per cent in Kuwait City, Shiraz and Muharrak in Bahrain. These cities have relatively large populations (Beirut, Kuwait City and Shiraz) and intense economic activity. In Beirut, local experts see a direct link between rapid urban expansion and environmental problems, with one describing the city Figure 2.5.3 as “a metaphor for brutal real estate speculation”, per cent with attendant noise 90 pollution and traffic congestion. 17 Similarly in Kuwait City, local experts point to the construction boom associated with economic growth and urban expansion. As noted by one, this double boom has placed “acute pressures on road networks, with traffic becoming a nightmare”. 18 Only very few local experts in Saida (Lebanon), Basra and Beirut believe their respective cities promote environmental sustainability as a matter of policy. In Beirut, “environmental concerns 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Environmental Impact of Growth* – Arab Cities Beirut Kuwait City Muharrak Shiraz 81 Environmental Sustainability and the Prosperity of Cities are rarely considered”, with an absence of effective policies for urban planning, although they are needed in areas like traffic and waste management. 19 However, in Doha, Aqaba and Dubai, most local experts report that their respective cities have proper policies in place. In Dubai, environmental sustainability policies include the Emirates’ Energy and Environment Rating System and the Air Quality Management System, among other robust policies and governance mechanisms promoting environmental sustainability in Qatar’s capital city. 20 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Two distinct phenomena may be at play here: the region’s high rates of urban spatial expansion and relatively high Amman POLICy Basra * As perceived by local experts surveyed by UN-Habitat Source: UN-Habitat, City Monitoring Branch, Policy Survey, 2011 The main message from Arab States is that urbanisation and economic growth are inevitable; and if matched with appropriate and effective policies and governance, the environmental consequences are manageable. Erbil Dubai Doha Aqaba Saida All Sampled Arab Cities
State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013 FACT The overall picture in Latin American cities is one of inadequate commitment to environmental sustainability, with the concomitant absence of policies or strategies. This leaves relatively few opportunities for wider participation in environmental policies, which can only further exacerbate the negative effects of economic development and urban activities on the natural environment. POLICy Figure 2.5.4 Environmental Impact of Growth* – Latin America and Caribbean Cities per cent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 degrees of economic development. The consequences of economic development on the environment are considered as ‘serious’ or ‘very serious’ by majorities of local experts in Guadalajara, Lima, Ciudad de Este, Medellín, La Paz and Valparaíso (Figure 2.5.4). In Medellín, experts point to the 224,000 tons of pollutants discharged annually into the atmosphere, of which 66 per cent are traceable to traffic in a city that keeps expanding rapidly in both surface area and population. 21 In Santo Domingo, rapid urban sprawl and population expansion are fuelled by natural resource exploitation, and the two combine with weak institutions to compound environmental problems. 22 In Lima, an overwhelming number of local experts concur that environmental sustainability has not been a priority in the management of the city. The few existing initiatives are largely uncoordinated, though all under the responsibility of the central rather than local government. 23 de-France, from 2008 onwards, a determined mayor has taken action, challenging environmental misbehaviour – particularly with regard to solid waste – and vigorously enforcing rules and regulations across all sectors through a so-called ‘green brigade’. On the other hand, environmental sustainability policies have worked relatively well in Fort-de-France, Havana and Venezuela’s Guarenas. In the case of Fort- 24 Similarly in Medellín, the municipality’s environmental department implements a variety of ‘sustainable’ policies with regard to noise pollution, global warming, water conservation and reforestation. A range of targets have been set involving various greenhouse gas emission controls and air quality. As one local expert put it, “the municipality is awakening and educating people towards a more responsible environmental behaviour.” 25 Latin America and the Caribbean is the region where a greater proportion of local experts believe that 0 economic development * As perceived by local experts surveyed by UN-Habitat and urban activities have (unintended) detrimental effects on the environment. Source: UN-Habitat, City Monitoring Branch, Policy Survey, 2011 ENvIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITy: A CATALyST FOR CITy PROSPERITy Environmental sustainability offers cities huge scope for the balanced economic growth that can pave the way to prosperity. This includes opportunities for new types of employment and investment, poverty alleviation and reduced inequity together with new types of infrastructures and services. 82 Guadalajara Lima Este Santo Domingo Medellin La Paz Valparaiso Panama Santos Guarenas Tijuana Montevideo La Habana Rosario Fort-De-France All Sampled Arab Cities
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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Foreword This is a time of crises.
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Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
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Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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State of the World’s Cities 2012/
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STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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