STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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The manufacture of bicycles is dominated by China, India and the European Union, all of which account for 87 per cent of global production. However, China alone produces more than half the world’s bicycles. DRIvERS AND CAPACITy-BUILDING FOR ENvIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITy Sustainable urban policies are driven by seven main factors: availability of financial resources, human resources, appropriate technology, specialised institutions, access to information, adequate organisational arrangements, and supportive legal frameworks. Approximately one-third of local experts across all regions are of the view that mechanisms for coordination between city and national authorities regarding environmental sustainability are already in place (Table 2.5.1). Less than one-third report that cities are mobilising investment to support sustainable resource use, or pulling their resources together in order to enhance environmental sustainability. These efforts can only go so far, it would seem, as experts simultaneously highlight the widespread problem of inadequate capacity. This refers to lack of not just finance, but also effective arrangements to facilitate partnerships with stakeholders, together with weak institutional frameworks and poor urban governance structures. 44 These conditions have drastically restraining effects on cities’ ability for effective mitigation and adaptation. Similarly, cities and local authorities in developing countries may find it difficult to prioritize environmental Table 2.5.1 Drivers of Environmental Sustainability in Cities* Regions Available mechanism(s) for coordination between local and national authorities concerning sustainability (%) 85 Environmental Sustainability and the Prosperity of Cities POLICy Public transport jobs account for 1–2 per cent of total employment in many countries. In Europe and the USA, some 30 jobs are created for every USD 1.4 million invested in public transport infrastructure, and another 57 in transport operations proper. 42 POLICy Pilot projects in the Philippines suggest that retrofits of two-stroke engines on two- and three-wheeled vehicles − the most popular public transport in many developing countries − has cut fuel consumption by 35–50 per cent and emissions of air pollutants by as much as 90 per cent. Installing and servicing the kits creates employment. 43 sustainability issues and challenges over and above unemployment, poverty, housing shortages, infrastructures and services, especially where local political expediency demands this type of action. This underscores the importance of growth and prosperity to the capacity of cities to address urban environmental sustainability issues, and this is also why they must be innovative and inventive when dealing with historic urban environmental problems while shaping an environmentally sustainable future. This situation highlights the fact that the twin dynamics of sustainability and economic prosperity are inevitably subject to a number of structural constraints that are specific to each and every urban area regardless of size. Leveraging of investments to support sustainable resource use and lower greenhouse gas emissions (%) Africa 31 20 20 Arab States 37 35 35 Asia 48 49 48 Latin America & Caribbean 26 18 20 All Regions 34 29 29 * As perceived by local experts surveyed by UN-Habitat Source: UN-Habitat, City Monitoring Branch, Policy Survey, 2011 Municipalities in same city/ region combining resources & partnering together for enhanced environmental sustainability (%)
State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013 FACT FACT Cities are best able to Asia and the Arab States appear to combine sustainability and best placed, in terms of shared prosperity through capacities, to deal with effective urban governance environmental concerns and transformational and bring about more leadership. This type of sustainable cities. leadership recognises the complex interactions between urbanisation and the environment at the local, regional, and global levels. The next step is to put in place appropriate institutions and build the institutional building capacities required for environmentally sustainable urban systems including transport, energy, waste management, rehabilitation of the built and natural environments, and management of ecosystem services. For the time being, local experts across all developing regions clearly highlight financial and institutional capacities as a major problem (Table 2.5.2). More specifically, only a few believe that efficient systems are in place in their respective regions to monitor environmental sustainability or the transport sector. Local experts also identify further challenges, suggesting that growth has a critical role to play if cities are to be in a Table 2.5.2 Cities with the capacity for environmental sustainability* Region Environmental sustainability requires capacity-building and resource availability at the local level. Local authorities with financial & institutional capacity (%) Integration of environmental protection plans in to policies and strategies (%) 86 position to tackle the effects of climate change on top of poverty and inequity. The need for adequate capacity is further underscored by the fact that whereas environmental sustainability is widely recognised as essential, local authorities when faced with competing demands and budget constraints, consider it to be the least of priorities. 45 This has implications for cities, especially given the role they must play in local environmental issues, including when it comes to responding to the needs of the population at a time when the need for environmental preservation is gaining more recognition in public opinion. 46 Efficient monitoring systems for environmental sustainability (%) Cities with environmental transport policies (%) Cities making progress toward more sustainable urban environment (%) Africa 22 48 17 9 36 Arab States 60 46 37 8 46 Asian 64 65 45 31 70 Latin America & the Caribbean 24 47 21 8 46 All Regions 39 51 28 36 43 * As perceived by local experts surveyed by UN-Habitat Source: UN-Habitat, City Monitoring Branch, Policy Survey, 2011 Kuwait City: skyscraper under construction. © 2012 Wael Hamdan/fotoLIBRA.com
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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Foreword This is a time of crises.
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Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
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Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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State of the World’s Cities 2012/
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Page 35 and 36: Part Two
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Page 89: Part Three Policies for Prosperous
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Country/City InDIA Table 4 City Pop
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Country/City IRELAnD City Populatio
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Country/City myAnmAR City Populatio
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Country/City Table 4 City Populatio
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Country/City Table 4 City Populatio
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Urban Population (’000) Level of
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STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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