STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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Box 2.4.3 Making Progress on the Equity Agenda Today, some cities and national governments in the developing world are beginning to prioritize equity through concerted actions. They understand that working together maximizes their possibilities to make positive changes in the living conditions of the urban poor. They also understand that equity is a fundamental aspect Endnotes POLICy There is no substitute for government leadership to address issues of equity, with civil society in advocacy, support and complementary roles. of prosperity. Their interventions are closely linked to propoor programmes such as, in Alexandria, the Social Fund for Development, which focuses on small- and medium-size businesses; in Gaziantep, the Social Solidarity Fund whose cash transfers are conditional on children being sent to school; in Lahore, the Benazir Income Support Programme; in Shenzhen, social equity policies have brought large numbers of migrant workers and vulnerable groups into the city’s social housing and welfare system; in Ho Chi Minh City, the ‘Doimoi’ reform process has reduced inequalities in Vietnam’s capital. 1 World Bank (2006) World Development Report 2006 - Equity and Development, Oxford University Press ,Oxford 2 Gewirth, A. (1996), The Community of Rights, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 3 UN-Habitat (2010) State of the World’s Cities Report 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide, Earthscan, London 4 OECD (2011) Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, OECD Publishing, Paris, pp.22 5 Ibid. 6 Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, Oxford 7 Shabou, A., N. Soboh, K. Jalouka, and D. A. Thaib (2011) City Report on Amman, Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 8 Belliapa, S.G. (2011) City Report on Bangalore, Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 9 Hampwaye, G. and W. Nchito (2011) City Report on Lusaka, Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 10 UN-Habitat (2010) Op. Cit 11 UNICEF(2010) Understanding Urban Inequalities in Bangladesh: A prerequisite for achieving Vision 2021, UNICEF Bangladesh, Dhaka 12 Turok, I (2006) ‘The Connection between Social Cohesion and City Competitiveness’, in OECD Territorial Reviews Competitive Cities in the Global Economy, OECD publishing, Paris. 13 UN-Habitat (2010) Op. Cit; UN-Habitat (2008) State of the World’s Cities Report 2008/2009: Harmonious cities, Earthscan, London 77 Equity and the Prosperity of Cities Cities are also allocating funds and introducing local programmes to promote equity. Some of these interventions are becoming best practices and good examples that are inspiring other cities, and sometimes national governments. Authorities in Chongqing have made social equity a primary goal. Priority public rental housing programmes have improved conditions and rural migrant workers’ rights are better protected. In Beirut, vulnerable groups are targeted for special social support as part of a scheme that has significantly reduced homelessness and the number of people (10 per cent in 2009) below the National Poverty line 22). Faced with very steep income inequality (with Gini coefficients as high as 0.75 in 2005), Johannesburg is responding with pro-poor policies including ‘Cash Social Grants’. Singapore integrates equity in national development policies and urban planning. According to a local expert, ‘There is room for upward social mobility among the poor and lower-middle class people through adequate opportunities for all in education and the job market’. 14 OECD (2006) OECD Territorial Reviews Competitive Cities in the Global Economy, OECD publishing, Paris. 15 Society for International Development (SID) ( 2012) The State of East Africa Report 2012: Deepening Integration, Intensifying Challenges, http://www.sidint.net/docs/ SoEAR2012_final.pdf 16 SID Programme director Aidan Eyakuze [Mungai, C. (2012) ‘East Africa region’s economy expands amid deepening levels of poverty and malnutrition’ in The East African, April 7, http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/A+richer+East+African+Com munity+with+more+poor+people/-/2558/1381658/-/v2nkg7/-/index.html] 17 Urban Age (2009) Cities and Social Equity: Inequality, Territory and Urban Form, Summary report, http://downloads0.cloud.lsecities.net/downloads/2009/09/ SouthAmericaReport/CSE_Summary_Report.pdf 18 United Nations General Assembly (2011) Accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: options for sustained and inclusive growth and issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015, Annual report of the Secretary-General (A/66/126) ,July 2011 19 Vienna City Administration (n.d) Vienna Charter. Shaping the Future Together, http:// www.wien.gv.at/english/living-working/vienna-charter.html 20 Dzung, D. D. (2011) City Report on Ho Chi Minh City, Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 21 Admassie, Y. (2011) City Report on Addis Ababa, Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 22 UNDP (2009) Arab Human Development Report: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries , UNDP , New York,,p. 113-114.
Chapter 2.5 Environmental Sustainability and the Prosperity of Cities The prosperity and environmental sustainability of cities are inextricably linked. Urban areas consume huge amounts of environmental goods and services like food, water, energy, forestry, building materials, and ‘green’ or open spaces often beyond their boundaries. This undermines the assimilative capacity of the environment around urban areas. 1 For example, the cities of the world generate over 720 billion tons of wastes every year, but in developing regions, even in large, presumably more affluent, cities only 25 to 55 per cent of wastes are collected. 2 Demographic and spatial expansion can be so rapid as to outstrip the capacity of cities to provide basic amenities − housing, water and sanitation, etc. − resulting in poor urban conditions. 3 FACT Environmentally sustainable cities are likely to be more productive, competitive, innovative, and prosperous enough to provide better preservation for the environment and enhance quality of life and well-being for all the population. POLICy Inasmuch cities are sources of environmental problems within and beyond their jurisdictions, they are also best-placed to provide most of the solutions. Environmentally sustainable cities are able to draw a healthy balance between economic growth and the environment, and facilitate prosperity and resilience in the process. 4 78 A key message is that prosperous cities can operate efficiently and productively without damaging the environment. 5 This is possible only when environmental and social objectives are fully integrated in a city’s overall economic goals to help bring about environmental sustainability. 6 ENvIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITy IN CITIES It is generally assumed that any country can preserve the environment while maintaining economic growth. 7 However, a degree of commitment is required from all Solar panel assembly at a Suntech factory in Wuxi, China. A high percentage of China's homes use solar-heated water. © Qilai Shen/Panos Pictures
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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Foreword This is a time of crises.
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Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
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Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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State of the World’s Cities 2012/
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Urban Slum Population at Mid-year b
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Country/City BRAzIL City Population
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Urban Population (’000) Level of
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