STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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Working on the five ‘spokes’: Interdependencies and interactions among the five ‘spokes’ in the ‘wheel of urban prosperity’ (productivity, infrastructure, quality of life, equity and environmental sustainability) can be deliberately enhanced (as opposed to being allowed to occur all by themselves) through the strategies and interventions that are part and parcel of urban planning. More specifically, it is in the power of a well-planned decision or well-calibrated choice in one dimension of prosperity − for example, the design of a street supporting multimodal transport as part of the infrastructure development of the city − not just to make that particular part of the urban space more accessible or pedestrian-friendly, but in the process also to improve productivity (shops, street-trading, etc.), quality of life and social inclusion (see Box 3.2.1.). Financial support: For urban planning to work more efficiently as an urban power function, it must be reinforced from a financial and legal point of view. Cities need more permanent funding mechanisms to support the provision of public goods and the design and implementation of sustainable technical solutions if their performance and functionality are to be improved. Few cities or countries are in a proper legal position to do that, and where they are, they find themselves faced with systematic interference by special interest groups or political expediency. 40 Here again, the public interest must prevail, and governments must look to improve and enforce the mechanisms that enable local authorities to capture urban land and site values, in the process generating the revenues needed to extend prosperity to the poorest areas. 41 ExPANDING PROSPERITy: CHANGING CITy LANDSCAPES In many cities, urban planning has been instrumentalised by the real estate business. Cities that respond to the interests of the better-off or only focus on strategic economic interventions in specific spaces tend to create enclaves of prosperity for a select few. POLICy UN-Habitat calls for a fresh, different type of urban planning and design – one that has the power to transform city landscapes and expand existing enclaves of prosperity to the entire city. Urban planning can be so unrealistic or overambitious as to overlook the need to steer and control spatial expansion, with large parts of the city ignoring existing plans or regulations. “The city falls out of the map, making it irrelevant”, deplores Innovating to Support the Transition to the City of the 21st Century 111 POLICy Restoring urban planning at the central point of the ‘wheel’, where a solid and efficient institutional ‘hub’ holds together, controls and activates the five ‘spokes’ , can only enhance the conditions for sustained, shared prosperity. POLICy an expert in Panama City. 42 Land legislation Either by action or and planning omission, this type of urban must combine to put planning contributes to municipal authorities in a better position to the production of spatial extract land values and inequities, rather than related capital gains, with better shared prosperity. the additional revenue This reinvigorated available for the funding of notion of urban planning infrastructure extensions comes with a new value and other projects. system that relies on effective institutions, welladapted laws and regulations, sustainable urban solutions and active civic involvement in public affairs. This type of planning signals a paradigm shift towards a new urban pattern − the city of the 21st century: a city that can better respond to the challenges of our age, optimizing resources to harness the potentialities of the future; a people-centred city, one that is capable of transcending the inefficient, unsustainable GS20C model, in the process integrating and nurturing the five dimensions of urban prosperity as defined in this Report. However, if urban planning is to be reinvigorated, it must shift away from the ‘spoke’ of productivity, where it has been predominantly operating these past several decades, to the centre of the ‘wheel’, right in the ‘hub’: indeed this is where, as an urban power function, planning will be in a better position to make its beneficial influence felt across all the ‘spokes’, increasing the scope of shared prosperity across the whole of the The 21st city. This will, of course, POLICy century is in a involve political choices position to ensure equitable and commitments, which development, preserve must be turned into tools, the natural environment, regulations and sustainable promote inexpensive energy sources, provide necessary technical solutions, which infrastructures and ensure will be all the better inclusive economic growth. accepted by society at large The city of the 21st century as they are seen to embed builds the conditions of shared prosperity across the prosperity for all. whole urban space.
State of the World’s Cities <strong>2012</strong>/<strong>2013</strong> FACILITATING ACCESS TO ‘COMMONS’, PROvIDING PUBLIC GOODS, IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS Facilitating Access to ‘Commons’: A prosperous city facilitates equitable access to the ‘commons’. These include water, air, biodiversity, knowledge and other shared resources, including public infrastructure, together with more intangible forms like a better environment, sense of identity and cultural and symbolic spaces that in principle belong to everyone. Cities with islands of prosperity tend to enclose the ‘commons’, restrict their use to a selected few, or deplete them through unsustainable use. Prosperous cities require ‘commons resource pools’, which can take the form of institutional arrangements where conflicts are solved through negotiation, and consensus is built for decision-making. ‘Commons’ also include any legal or statutory provisions facilitating community participation in planning decisions, available quality information, transparency as well as cultural norms and social compacts. Some public goods, such as community civic centres, will often be found to function as ‘space commons’, facilitating the integration of marginal and voiceless groups, in the process promoting pluralism and diversity, which are inseparable from shared prosperity. Providing public goods43 : A prosperous city makes a profusion of public goods available to all: efficient public transport, educational opportunities, healthcare, quality public spaces such as libraries, recreation areas, parks and open spaces, etc. A substantial part of urban well-being is derived from access to and consumption of these public goods, which in principle must be ‘nonexcludable’ (everyone can enjoy their benefits) and ‘non-rivalry’ (individual consumption of the good does not decrease the amount available for consumption by others). 44 POLICy Enclaves of prosperity ‘fence in’ or restrict the availability of public goods, UN-Habitat’s reinvigorated notion of urban planning involves sustainable use and equitable access to the ‘commons’ through appropriate policies and schemes. In general, the FACT production AND enjoyment of public goods rely on a set of ‘commons’ such as better connectivity, public security and safety, predictability, property rights under their various forms, street nomenclature, etc. 112 concentrating public investment in selected areas only, limiting access and privatizing control over a number of such goods. The provision of public goods contributes to economic advancement with environmental preservation and quality of life, which, incidentally, are fundamental ‘smart growth’ concerns, too. 45 Bogotá has transformed its own landscape with a variety of public goods such as multi-modal transport, social infrastructure and quality public spaces that have contributed to sharing more of the benefits of prosperity with poor and middle-income neighbourhoods. Still in Colombia, Medellín has resorted to bold civic architecture, public spaces and other public goods in a bid to enhance collective prosperity. Involvement of urban planning with education, culture, infrastructure, safety and community development has enabled the municipality to connect poor barrios (which, according to the head of municipal planning, “always had lots of energy, but were disconnected from the city”) with more affluent neighbourhoods, in the process planting the seeds of mutual trust and expanding shared prosperity. 46 Acting from the ‘hub’ of the ‘wheel for prosperity’, urban planning can identify strategies and plan for optimal production of public goods, in the process contributing to social capital, enhancing sense of place, safety and security, integrating social groups (e.g., youth), and increasing the economic value of the areas where these goods are provided. This strategy can generate widespread benefits to all urban residents, expanding prosperity across different areas. Such prosperity in turn can be leveraged for maintenance and further enhancement of public goods. Implementing Sustainable Solutions: Prosperous cities must plan and implement a variety of technical solutions to improve the functionality of the city and achieve a sustainable urban form. Although solutions can vary according to local conditions, UN-Habitat POLICy has identified a number of key interventions in various areas to assist the transition away from the current “Global Standard Urbanization Model of the 20th Century” (GS20C), which is unsustainable on many accounts, to the city of the 21st century. A reinvigorated notion of urban planning would give any city tighter public control over the use of land, change the form and function of cities based on sustainable development principles, as well as expand the provision of, and access to, public goods.
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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Foreword This is a time of crises.
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Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
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Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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State of the World’s Cities 2012/
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Part Two
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Chapter 2.1 Productivity and the Pr
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Chapter 2.2 Urban Infrastructure: B
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STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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